Monday, September 30, 2019

Milk and Dairy Products Essay

1-Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are the best basis of energy for the body. They made from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The main group of carbohydrate in foods are sugar, starches and cellulose. We can find Carbohydrate in rice, potatoes, bread, pasta and cereals. The Carbohydrate make people fat, and they are the most source of energy for body. 2-Fats: Fats are complex of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We need fat for hormone metabolism, to have healthy skin and hair, it also helps to, repair the tissue .it helps to shape to your body. Sometimes it helps to protect the organs which are inside the body like kidneys. The main two types of fats are saturated and unsaturated. You can find saturated fat in animal products like, milk, cheese, meat with fat, cream†¦.fat is the important source of calories and energy for body also it could be so dangerous for your health if you use it too much.fat provide healthier skin and helps the body to use vitamins like A, D E and K because these are fat soluble. 3-Proteins: Proteins are built up longs chain of amino acids. We have got two types of amino acids essential and non-essential amino acids and both of them are necessary for body. We have got two types of protein, animal protein and plant protein. You can find the best source of protein in fish, meat and dairy produce, cereals, rice and eggs†¦ Some of your hormones, organs and muscles are made up with protein, and the most responsibility for protein is delivering the oxygen to blood cells. Also protein is needed for growing and repairing tissue and replacement. 4-Vitamins and Minerals: Vitamins and minerals are nutrients which your body require to grow and develop normally.Vitamins are very important for body they help enzyme to work properly, we have two different type of vitamins: water soluble (B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat soluble (A, D, E and K).body can’t make the vitamins so we need to get this from the food because it is necessary for body. We need vitamin A to have healthy eyes; this vitamin is necessary for body growth and repair. They are important to have healthy life, too little amount of vitamins cause health problems also too much of vitamins cause of some disease. Minerals: you can find minerals in earth and sea. they can be found in water, root plants and animals. Some of them are needed for body like iron, magnesium, zinc, aluminium, calcium,†¦ For example we need iron to make homeoglobine, and calcium is required for healthy teeth and skin and bones. Amounts needed for most of minerals are very small and too much amounts can be to xic to your body. 5-Water: The most important nutrient in your body is water, your body is mostly made up from water, more than half of your body weight is water, you can live for many days without food but you can’t be alive without water more than a few days.It transmits oxygen and nutrients into all your cells. Also helps control your body temperature. It also helps to your metabolism work properly. We need to drink six or eight glasses of water a day. If the urine is dark in colour, this means that you need to increase your fluid levels. Illness and fever also increase your water necessity, and water replacement is necessary part of much medical treatment P2: Identify different dietary needs at each life stage Infancy (0-3years) The babies only need milk to get the nutrients and breast milk is the best food for them because it contains all nutrients the baby needs. Some mothers are not able to breastfeed so they can feed by cow’s milk but this must be sterilized to prevent infection. Before six months we just suggest rice, other cereal grains like oats, wheat, and barely can be given after six months. For the first few months of their life they get all of the nutrients he needed from their mother’s milk. However, babies are growing very quickly, and at about 6 months of age breast milk could no longer meet all they needs, they have to give them solid foods. We should be careful not to give them too many foods high in salt and sugar. Solid foods provide extra energy and nutrients which are needed at this time like Iron and Zinc. You can give them one new food at a time and wait two or three days to see the reaction and find out if they have any allergy or also you can see how well the new food is digested. By about 12-18 months the toddler can eat the same food as the rest of the family, with less salt or sugar. Try to give those different fruit and vegetable as they all have different nutrients and also include some at each meal and offer them as snacks. Make sure your toddler get enough calories. For children between 1 – 3 years old energy requirements increases because children are more active and growing rapidly. Protein requirements do not increase much. Vitamins need to be increased. They need slightly lower amount of calcium and iron. They need more mineral at this stage. Childhood (4-10 years) In this stage the children are very active. Many children, especially those who are not physically active, tend to eat too many calories. Children aged 2 to 3 years, 4 to 6 years, and 7 to 10 years require approximately 1300, 1800, and 2000 calories, respectively. In these ages they need to eat healthy food like fish, meat, pasta, eggs, and potato, they should not eat too many crisp fizzy drinks sweets and biscuits because these cause tooth problems and obesity. Protein is necessary for body growth, so protein requirements for children are higher than for adults. They should take full fat milk and skimmed milk should not be given to children under 5 years of age. After the age of 4 children need more energy and protein, most vitamins and all the minerals except iron. Vitamin C remains the same as they were younger. By the age of 7 – 10 years old their energy and protein intake still increases the requirement for most vitamins and minerals increased except vitamin A and C. dairy products should be mixed up in diet to boost calcium intake for strong bones. We have to give them vitamin D because it helps them to build strong bones and teeth. Adolescence (11-18years): When the children get to ages between 11 – 14 years they need more energy and their protein requirement increases by %50. At the age of 11 vitamin and mineral requirement differs for boys and girls. Boys need more vitamin and mineral but there is no change for some of the vitamins. Girls have to take minerals and iron when the menstruation starts. Between the age of 15 – 18 boys need more energy and protein. They need more B vitamins, C, A and minerals such as magnesium, potassium, zinc and iodine. They need high amounts of calcium because of their skeletal development. Requirement for some B vitamins like B1, B3, B6, C and some minerals like magnesium, potassium and iodine. Boys and girls have the same requirement for B12 and vitamin C, magnesium, sodium and potassium. Girls need more iron but lower requirement for zinc and calcium. Teenagers should be pushed to choose a mixture of foods from the other basic food groups: A lot of starchy carbohydrates – bread, rice, pasta, breakfast cereals, and potatoes. Plenty of fruit and vegetables, Two to three portions of dairy products, like milk, yoghurt and pasteurised cheeses, Two servings of protein, such as meat, fish, eggs, beans and pulses. Many teenagers, mainly girls, don’t get enough iron in their diet, so we should make sure they get plenty of meat, fish and leafy green vegetables. Protein is important, especially during a teenager’s growth spurt, as is calcium and vitamins C and D. Because they are so active, they need lots of energy in their diet. Foods like pasta and bread are good foods as they are high in carbohydrate. Adulthood (19- 65years): In adulthood age 19 – 50 years the energy requirement is less for both women and men, because they are not as physically active as they were and their metabolic rates slow down. Their requirement for calcium is lower Women start losing calcium from bones during and after the beginning of menopause for about five years, after which the rate of calcium loss is reduced until about age seventy-five or eighty. So, it is important for women to eat foods high in calcium up to the age of thirty-five, also women need less magnesium and men need lower amount of iron. Their requirement for protein and most of vitamins and minerals remain the same in comparison to adolescents. Best recommend for food could be: Whole, enriched, and fortified grains and cereals like brown rice and 100% whole wheat bread, vegetables such as carrots and broccoli, low- and non-fat dairy products like yogurt and low-lactose milk, dry beans and nuts, fish, lean meat and eggs, fluid intake (water is best).women have to increase iron to their diet. They should not eat too many high fat foods. Old age (+ 65years): After the age of 65 we need less energy because people get less active after this age. Men need less protein than women and their requirements for vitamins and minerals stay the same for both men and women as it was in their adulthood. After the menopause, women need less iron. The reduction in energy needs, coupled with unchanged requirement for vitamins and minerals means that the nutrient density of the diet becomes more important. Nutrient density means the quantity of vitamins and minerals in relation to the amount of energy supplied by the foods and drinks consumed. With the advancement of age, the capacity to digest and eating large meals often decreases. So, the amount of food given at a time needs to be decreased. If required number of meals can be increased as per the individual’s tolerance. They should avoid food rich in fat, cholesrtol and animal fats, especially saturated fats, because they cause some cardio-vascular disease. They can use sunflower oil or soya bean oil to prevent heart disease. It’s better to add vitamin D to their diet.also they have to eat foods which are easy to digest, and eats plenty of fibre P3: explain two medical conditions related to unbalanced diets: You are a key worker at Happy Day Nursery in Sutton. You are looking after two children who recently joined the nursery. Aisha is 4 years of age and she is severely overweight and you are discussing Aisha’s dietary needs with her parents.Shareef is 3 years of age and suffers from anemia.Explain the two medical condition related to unbalanced diets: Obesity: Obesity is when a person is carrying too much body fat for their height and sex. Aisha is a person considered obese because she has a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or more. The problems can cause by obesity is like difficulty breating, difficulty walking or running, increase sweating, high cholesterol†¦ She has to reduce fat intake and sugary food stuff .It helps in reducing a lot of calories and, in turn her weight. She has to select foods with low, light or reduced calories or fat, including milk products. Also she needs to take foods that include starches and dairy products She has to take plenty of vegetables, fruits, grain products and whole grains each day. Dairy products should not be missed out. Low-fat, no-fat and reduced-fat milk, yogurts, cheese, ice creams and many other such products available in the market provide a good taste of things to the dieters. With proper nutrition, exercises and support Aisha can lose weight and develop healthy habits for her life. Over nutrition results from eating too much, eating too many of wrong things, not exercising enough, or taking too many vitamins or other dietary replacement. Tooth decay is a symptom of malnutrition. The enamel of the teeth can be dotted with white patches. The bone and teeth become easily breakable. Tooth decay is one of the most common of disorders. It usually occurs in children and young adults, but can affect any person. It is the most important causes of teeth loss in younger people. Anaemia: Anaemia is a lack of red blood cells. Anaemia can be described as the loss of red blood cells or haemoglobin in blood. Haemoglobin is the carrier of oxygen to the various part of our body. Decrease in red blood cells means decrease in the carrying capacity of the blood. Anaemia is primarily the result of nutritional deficiency in our body. The most common symptoms of anaemia are weakness, breathlessness, lack of energy, depression, numbness, tingling sensation, irritability and memory loss. A person with anaemia will feel tired and week because the body’s tissues are being starved oxygen. In fact weakness is the main symptoms of most types of anaemia. Mild anaemia can occur without symptoms and may detect only during a medical exam that includes a blood test. Weakness, fainting, breathlessness, heart palpitations (rapid or irregular beating), dizziness, headache, ringing in the ears, difficulty sleeping, difficulty concentrating, abnormal menstruation are symptoms of anaemia. A proper, well balanced diet is very beneficial for anaemic people. They have to include cereals, rice, pasta, dairy products (milk, yogurt and cheese), dry beans, eggs, vegetables and fruits, meat, poultry, fish and nuts. Beet root is one of the best home solutions for anaemia you can eat them as a cooked vegetable or in salad or even beet root juice for the purpose. Also the good sources of iron are: Liver, green leafy vegetables, beets, dried fruits, brown flakes, brown rice, raisins and prunes. While anaemic people are recommended to have food reach in iron content, vitamin C is required for the absorption of iron. Include citrus fruits like orange and lemon to your diet. Anaemia affects all population groups. However the most susceptible groups are pregnant women and young children. In pregnant women the baby needs extra iron so that the baby has a sufficient blood supply and receives all of the necessary oxygen and nutrients. Low birth weight in infants, young children and women of child bearing age are particularly at risk of anaemia. Women of child bearing age need to absorb 2-3 times the amount of iron required by men or older women. Lack of folic acid, vitamin A or B12 is the case of anaemia in people who are living in developing country. M1: Discuss how to components of a balanced diet contribute to an individual’s health at different life stage: In infancy a baby’s kidneys are not as yet developed strongly enough to hold the high protein and mineral content fully until that age, the same applies to solid foods. After 6 months we can add some solid food to their diet because they are ready to digest the food. During childhood, children’s food needs change usually, depending on their growth and their stage of physical activity and energy needs, a child’s full protein, vitamin and mineral requirements boost with age. Perfectly, children should be building up stores of nutrients in preparation for the quick growth experienced during adolescence. In adulthood they need to eat more fruits and vegetables the good source to take vitamins, minerals and fibre which also help prevent heart diseases, cancers and many health conditions that come up with age, it is encouraged that eat 5 portions of fruit or vegetables each day. Elderly adults should eat a well-balanced diet and exercise frequently; spend some time outside to make better the vitamin D for healthy skin and bones; limit fat and sugar eating such as cakes biscuits and so on; eat foods high in fibre to help bowel health; reduce on salt; eat from a wide range of food and to share mealtimes with friends and family, The amount of food may cut because of the advancing of age effects the capacity to digest food and tolerate large meals. Task2 P4: Identify two service users with specific dietary needs: You are working as a nurse in St.Helier Hospital. You are looking after several patients. One of your patients, Mr.Abdi Hailu suffers from a coronary heart disease. Another patient, Miss Talia Kaunu is lactose intolerant. Identify two service users with specific dietary needs. Mr.Abdi Hailu: Mr Abdi has got Coronary heart disease. It is a narrowing of the blood vessels that provide oxygen and blood to the heart. Coronary heart disease is a major cause of illness and death. Coronary heart disease is generally make happen by atherosclerosis – when plaque gather on the artery walls, make them to narrow, resulting in less blood run to the heart. Sometimes a clot may form which can stop the flow of blood to heart muscle. Coronary heart disease normally causes chest pain, shortness of breath, heart attack and other symptoms. So he should change his diet to prevent other damage to the heart. He has to eat lots of fruits and vegetables during the day. Decrease the amount of salt in his food and add some nuts and seeds to their diet and decrease the amount of fat in their diet. Therefor he has to change his life style like stop smoking, have some exercise during the day, have healthy diet and don’t be in stress and reduce emotional. Miss Talia Kaunu: Miss Talia is not able to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and milk products. It is caused by lack of lactose in her body. So she is not supposed to eat milk and she has to find some alternative like yoghurt and cheese. she might feel uncomfortable after having milk and milk products. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, abdominal bloating, gas, diarrhoea, and nausea. The best management for this situation is: she has to slowly put in small amounts of food and drinks which include lactose to determine the tolerance level or she can drink milk with a meal or with other food. Also there is some lactose enzyme in tablet form; she can take them before eating. When she doesn’t drink milk it can lead her to lack of calcium, vitamin D and protein, so she should find new way to get these, she can take calcium supplements and drink orange juice and have some food which have more calcium, dark green vegetables like spinach and fish with soft bones such as salmon and sardines are high in calcium.

Change Management †the One Right Way Essay

However the offer is often illusory, for particular change approaches usually apply to particular situations, and simple solutions sometimes ignore the complexities of real life. (Stace and Dunphy, 2001, p 5) To utilise a single change approach is to assume that all organisations, all situations and all internal and external variables and influences remain constant. It applies the same logic to all changes without consideration of the many and varied influencing factors. I generally agree with the statement presented by Stace and Dunphy but am interested in the reasons underlying the requirement for simple, easy and fast change interventions. Are managers and change agents lazy and only looking for simple solutions? Does management consider change unimportant? Do management really believe that a single solution is going to work in every case? What is behind this trend? Bold (2011) suggests that change itself is becoming the only constant or ‘business as usual’ in the modern business environment. With technological advancements over the past 10 years, organisation now have the ability to access, collect and process enormous amounts of business data very quickly. This has provided management with the ability to understand the current health of their organisational processes and track against set goals and targets quickly and accurately. Previously, managers may have waited for end of month or end of quarter reporting from all business units to be collated and presented to gain an accurate understanding of the current business position and gauge the results from previous decisions made. Now, when a manager wants to make a change, they want it implemented as soon as possible so they can assess the impact of the change. Due to the high amount of change occurring in modern organisations and management’s requirement for immediate solutions, I believe that pressure is placed onto the change agents to provide solutions, often without the resources or time to perform adequate analysis to plan and implement the best change approach. As Bold (2011) suggested, change is becoming ‘business as usual’ and management may expect change managers to be able to develop a change process (i. e. the one right way), in the way that other parts of the organisation develops other repeatable ‘business as usual’ processes. Corporate competencies for change management constitute the critical capacity that is needed to create a learning organisation which is flexible, dynamic and adaptable in a rapidly changing and volatile environment. (Turner and Crawford 1998) As recent as the 1990’s, research was being undertaken by Romanelli & Tushman (1994) that proposed an alternate viewpoint. Their punctuated equilibrium paradigm argues that relatively long periods of stability (equilibrium) are punctuated by short periods of more radical, revolutionary change. I believe that most organisational change researchers would now agree that this is no longer the case and further progression into the information age has meant that very few industries operate within a long term, stable business operating environment. Although many different change models and approaches have been developed by academics, consultants and practitioners, none has yet to be accepted as a standard that can be used for all change interventions. Bold (2011) argues that there is no right or wrong theory for change management. It is not an exact science. However, through the ongoing research and studies by the industry’s leading experts, a clearer picture of what it takes to lead a change effort effectively will continue to emerge. Andriopoulos & Dawson (2009) agree that in the case of organisational change, there remains considerable debate over the speed, direction and effects of change and on the most appropriate methods and concepts for understanding and explaining change. Kanter, Stein & Jick (1992) found that it would be very difficult for a single solution or approach to meet all the types of changes required and to take into account all of the required aspects as organisations are fluid entities. In an attempt to provide a more broad solution, Stace & Dunphy (2001) proposed a situational approach or framework for change. They argued that there is no single path to successful change implementation that holds true in all situations. This framework however has been criticised by Andriopoulos & Dawson (2009) for neglecting the role of organisational politics and the internal power relationships within organisations as shapers of the organisational change process. Pettigrew (1985) presented a holistic, contextual analysis approach providing a multi-level approach to encapsulate the complexities of change management. Pettigrew argued that strategic change is a continuous process with no clear beginning or end point. However, Buchanan and Boddy (1992) argued that the richness and complexity of the multi-level analysis presented by Pettigrew, while comprehensive, it did little to simplify or clarify the processes of change and thereby rendered the research as largely impenetrable for the organisational practitioner. Change within an organisation is ongoing and involves many variables which are covered by different change models, processes and frameworks. Variables include the type of industry, the geographical location, the organisations size, the style of management leadership, the capability of the people involved, the organisational culture, the local and global economic environment, timing in regard to other events, the organisational structure and many more. This list is not meant to be exhaustive, but demonstrates the length and breadth of variables to be taken into account when assessing and managing change. Senior (2002) argues that the trigger for internal change is often in response to external influences which then links the internal and external drivers for change. Often, the change strategy or mechanism used by an organisation is chosen by the change manager and may not necessarily meet the needs of the organisation. This can lead to the change manager selecting an approach that may have worked before, that they feel comfortable with, or that suits their personality. This may not be however, what the organisation really requires. For example, a change manager may have had previous success utilising a consultative and collaborative approach which would take time to fully consult with all impacted parties while the organisation may actually require a fast, dictatorial type approach due to it losing market share which is putting the very existence of the organisation at risk. Kanter (1983) notes that managers sometimes make strategic choices based on their own area of competence and career payoff. A model of change strategies that seeks to develop our understanding of change processes is unfortunately restricted if it excludes considerations of anything other than management as some sort of ‘black box’ wherein environmental fit is sought. Stace and Dunphy argue that change managers need to develop a varied behaviour repertoire rather than remain fixed on a particular approach to change. They argue the compelling need for in our modern economies to create and build more dynamic and innovative corporations which can compete successfully in global terms. – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – â€⠀œ – – – – – – – – – – – – – Remember that change involves people, is instigated by people and controlled by people. There are many internal and external influences and forces that affect change but the interests of the change agents themselves and their political interests must also be considered. You cannot expect a change manager to ignore their own self-interest when making rational decisions. (Dunford 1990) Stace and Dunphy argue that the critical requirement for longer term viability and success in the corporation of the future is the ongoing development of what is increasingly being referred to as organisational capabilities or corporate competencies. These are capabilities for the flexible initiation of new strategies and environmental responsiveness that reside in the corporation itself rather than only in the capabilities and skills of the individual members. This will allow organisations to respond quicker to changes and effectively make change management part of the organisational culture. Change would then be regarded as ‘business as usual’. Many of the change approach methods, tools and techniques proposed by researchers and practitioners have overlapping ideas and cover a lot of the same ground. Rather than working independently towards defining improvements to existing ideas or new ideas, it may be more beneficial to take a collaborative approach and create an international standard for change or a recognised body of shared knowledge that could be used as a guide for organisational change.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

High Court Ruling Only Tweaks Sarbanes-Oxley Act

ARTICLE SYNOPSISThe â€Å"High Court Ruling Only Tweaks Sarbanes-Oxley Act† article is about the Supreme Court ruling in Free Enterprise Fund vs. PCAOB indicating that Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) will remain â€Å"fully operative as a law† with the exception to remove members of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board. Prior to the SOX Act, the removal of member was said to violate the appointments clause of the Constitution. In addition to discussing the ruling, the following will explain how the Sarbanes-Oxley act affects ethical decisions in today’s business and the criminal penalties that it provides. ETHICAL DECISIONThe process of making decisions consists of ethical attribute that include integrity, transparency, and accountability. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act has the effect of ensuring investor confidence through the existence of regulatory provisions effective in enhancing ethical standards. In the case of Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB shows the extent to which the issue of separation of powers is upheld. The main argument in the case was the excess power granted to the board as it was appointed by Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) other than the president. This means that the board had regulatory non-restricted power by the executive. According to the ruling, PCAOB has the power to continue overseeing public company audits with the intention of protecting investors interest (Jaeger, 2010).This is a major development as it relates to ensuring that proper measures supports the scope of executives ensuring that proper decisions are effective in  protecting the interests of investors. The court’s ruling indicated that PCAOB board members will be removed from office by SEC at will other than for good cause (Jaeger, 2010). However, other programs of PCAOB remain unaffected by the decision of the court.It is important to note that the enactment of the SOX Act is a major development that has ensured integrity in decision-making p rocess essential in protecting the integrity of investors. As a result of maintaining proper books of accounts and ensuring proper internal controls are in place, the SOX Act ensures ethical decisions are made enhancing the integrity and transparency. Ultimately, the impact of the SOX Act is to protect the interest of investors through prevention of accounting frauds.CRIMINAL PENALTIESThe SOX Act provides for various criminal penalties under certain sections. Section 802 of the SOX Act provides criminal penalties for influencing the United States agency investigation, which is also known as proper administration. The criminal penalty punishes any person who knowingly falsifies information or document with the intention of obstructing a particular investigation. An individual can be put in jail if found guilty of this criminal offense for a period not exceeding 20 years. Another criminal penalty under the SOX Act is retaliation against whistleblowers (Jaeger, 2010).This relates to an y person who takes harmful action against another person with the intention to retaliate. A fine or imprisonment for a period not exceeding 10 years can be placed if a person is found guilty for this criminal offense. Section 906 of the SOX Act provides for criminal penalties for CEO or CFO financial statement certification. According to this section, any corporate officer who fails to certify financial reports is liable for a jail term not exceeding 20 years.Reference Jaeger, J. (2010). High Court Ruling Only Tweaks Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Accessed

Friday, September 27, 2019

Business Venture Willams Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Venture Willams - Assignment Example The entrepreneurs have the ability to overcome the obstacles very easily as problems are defined as new opportunities (Thompson and Bolton, 2007) Berglund and Johansson (2007) had proposed that â€Å"there is some of mystification regarding the assumptions that can be attached to the concept of entrepreneurship† (Berglund and Johansson, 2007). There are many researches, which highlights the critical issues experienced by the entrepreneurs during the start-up of the business. Likewise, Black et al (2010) had reported that the personality of the entrepreneurs is different from the general people. The entrepreneurs have the capability to take risk for establishing a new venture. DeNoble, Jung and Ehrlich, (1999) had continuously tried to identify the specific skills that are required for being a successful entrepreneur. Nevertheless, the attempt had turned futile as entrepreneurs have separate capabilities, which help them to become successful in building up their innovative ideas (Berglund and Johansson, 2007). The entrepreneurs have the urge to start a new business venture, which needs both business and financial plans. The ventures fulfil the demand of the common mass and aims at serving them for their own benefit. The entrepreneurs have to take into account a number of factors before they plan for setting a business. This are related to internal and external factors that can affect the operation of the business or they can also harm the success of the same (DeNoble, Jung and Ehrlich, 1999). The entrepreneurs have to make huge investment in order to set up the new venture. Moreover, the new venture also requires work force and the assets, which are essential for the operation for the business. It is observed that most of the new venture lack financial resources during the course of the establishment that results in failure (Katila, 2005). The new business venture does not have credibility with the investors during its set up. The financial resources for the

Thursday, September 26, 2019

High-speed Train Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

High-speed Train - Essay Example According to Secretary Ray LaHood, "8 billion dollars has been set aside for high speed rail. What jump starts our opportunity in America is the President's initiative that Congress passed to put $8 billion in the economic recovery" (Secretary Ray LaHood, D.O.T) I believe that the construction and usage of high speed train transportation between these 2 metropolitan areas would effectively reduce pollution and congestion, as it will take many cars off the roads. It is estimated that about 170,000 vehicles travel the I-15 into Las Vegas. Woody Woodrow, who is a resident of Las Vegas and a native of Los Angeles, stated that "if the price was right and the timing was right and it took less than a flight to get here, I would absolutely take it. I think it's a great idea" (Woodward Woody, Las Vegas resident) High speed rail can be said to be a proven technology, as decades of experience on the use of high speed rail in other parts of the world have shown. Thus, high speed rail provides a comfortable and convenient way for Americans to travel from one city to another. These 2 cities should endeavor to avail themselves of this technology in a comprehensive manner, as there has been heavy investment in this mode of mass transit. The population of both cities is expected to continue to rise significantly over the next few decades and although an inability to travel quickly by high speed rail between Los Angeles and Las Vegas might not currently look like a major deficiency, it probably would appear to be so in the next few decades. According to Wilton Woods (1989) "future intercity future intercity passenger mobility will be dependent on fully utilizing all of the available options. However, much of the criticism of high speed rail is based on concerns about its cost-effectiveness in the ne ar to medium term. This is of particular concern since HSR is likely to rely more heavily than other modes (automobile, air, and intercity bus) on general tax revenues as opposed to user fees/taxes, although the user fees/taxes that support those other modes may not cover their so-called externality costs i.e. costs that those modes impose on other people, such as environmental pollution and deaths and injuries due to crashes" (Wilton Woods 1989) Critics of high speed rail travel say that it is not very cost effective, but numerous benefits have been cited in support of the development of high speed rail, including the reduction of pollution and energy usage in the transportation sector, the potential to alleviate airport and highway congestion, improving transportation safety, promoting economic development, the provision of more options for travelers, and increasing the reliability of transport by increasing redundancy in the transportation system. Alleviation of congestion in airports and highways High speed rail has the capability of relieving air traffic and highway congestion in heavily traveled corridors. The use of high speed rail

Death Penalty in New York State Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Death Penalty in New York State - Research Paper Example George Kendall is documented as being the first man to be officially put to death in colonized America by the state in 1608. Since then over 20,000 accused criminals have been executed in America for a variety of offenses ranging from murder to property crimes. The inclination of jurists to award the death penalty almost at will in the early part of American history was partly influenced by the lack of penitentiaries and an organized prison system. Execution was seen as the primary method to protect society from subversive and anti-social elements. Capital punishment was also employed as a means to control the slave population and many disproportionate capital sentences were imposed on slaves of African descent when the same would not have applied to Caucasians. In New York attempted murder or rape were capital crimes only when committed by slaves (Acker, 2003). The colony of New York was originally under the control of the Dutch albeit without any formal legal system. The death pena lty was practiced and administered in an arbitrary and reckless manner in those early days. It was often the case that when the culprit could not be identified, the accused would have to â€Å"draw lots† in order to determine who would be executed. The arrival of the British to New York saw the implementation of a penal code, where the death penalty was still a frequently awarded punishment. In 1741, 18 white colonials and 13 slaves were sentenced to death by burning at the stake. However, the new British legal system also contained a clemency clause. An individual on death row was eligible for a pardon if they agreed to leave the colony or chose to enlist in the armed forces. As a result of this provision during the 18th century 51% of individuals sentenced to death in New York were eventually pardoned (Heller, 2008). The death penalty statute continued to evolve after the formation of the United States of America and the subsequent imposition of its new legal system. In 188 8, The New York State Assembly passed a statute which would see it become the first state to directly administer the death penalty. According to the statute the death penalty was mandatory for extremely grave and depraved offences. The law also called for a new method of execution, which was â€Å"death by electricity†. William Kemmler became the first man to be executed by means of electric chair, in 1890. Up until the 1930’s the State of New York was responsible for more executions than any other state. During this period state statutes were amended in order to encompass a wider array of crimes that could be punishable by death. The most significant of these was kidnapping, influenced greatly by the â€Å"Lindbergh baby’ saga which dominated headlines during this period. Due to these amendments juries were also instructed to give sentencing recommendations in trials where the convicted were eligible for capital punishment (Heller, 2008). Rise of Abolitionist Movement Throughout the colonial era and up until the mid 20th century voices that were opposed to the death penalty slowly began to grow in strength. By the 18th century many American’s had begun to question the application of the death penalty for crimes that were petty and trivial in nature. Dissenting voices could also be heard in

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Data Collection Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Collection Proposal - Essay Example (2006). The difference between primary and secondary sources of data is crucial in social research. Primary sources are data which are unpublished; that is, the researcher has gathered them directly from the target individuals or organization. Primary data include data from fieldwork, interviews, and unpublished documents like minutes of meetings. On the other hand, secondary data are any data which a researcher has gathered that have been published before. Secondary data include previously published books, journal articles, and newspaper articles. Mixed method that includes qualitative and quantitative data will be used in this research. Qualitative data will used determine if Bariatric surgery put patient at long term risk and complications of weight. Quantitative data will be used in determining the number of patients who responded differently when put under Bariatric surgery. Primary data will be collected from healthcare providers with information on new devices, drugs, delivery systems, and software for managing patients who have undergone Bariatric surgery. All the legal and ethical issues were taken into consideration as stipulated by law. 50 patients who had undergone Bariatric surgery will be randomly sampled from the information provided by the healthcare providers. This will provide a sufficiently large but feasible number to use in the analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis will be used to analyze the data. This will help in explaining how the data look, (by giving the minimum and maximum values), the what the centre point of the data is (by giving the mean), and how spread out the data may be related to one of more aspects (by giving the standard

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

How can people be achieved between cultures Research Paper

How can people be achieved between cultures - Research Paper Example John Stuart mill and John Locke advocated for upholding human rights earlier than other scholars. Nevertheless, this does not necessarily mean that they were the one responsible in the formulation of human rights. The universality of human rights cuts across various cultures. Even though appreciation of the rights occurred in the Western world and as characterised in both the American and French revolution, the historical development of human rights is much older (Marek, 2010). In an attempt to understand the current global cultural politics, modern scholars draw insight from modernity. This view holds that modernity originated from the West in a Judaeo Christian setting. The interrelation between economic, scientific, philosophical and artistic revolutions led to an understanding of novel ways about people, the environment and political power. These thoughts did not lead to globalization, but through military skill and economic imperialism the Europeans contributed to modernity (Reus-Smit, 2011). There are many opinions on what constitutes human rights, the perceptions differ from an intellectual or political point of view. Additionally, the differences seem to originate from the historical evolution of human rights. Human rights originate from people with diverse backgrounds. Another view holds that human rights can be divided into; whether based on an individual’s status or status of group, the degree to which people are treated depending on success or acknowledgement, the importance of rights, obligation and thoughts on the interdependency between the two or the emphasis on economic and social rights vs. civil and political rights (Plantilla & Raj, 1997). The result of the cold war ushered in a period with many uncertainties. There was an end to the super power enmity and the North-South divide. Nevertheless, this period concurred with many world problems including unemployment, poverty,

Monday, September 23, 2019

Curriculum Based Assessment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Curriculum Based Assessment - Research Paper Example The research sought to establish the possibility of developing a formative assessment system. Teachers could use this system to grow their effectiveness in teaching learners with academic disabilities. Eventually, a comparative study showed that teachers were more effective on using this formative model. In this regard, the validity criteria and conventional credibility in writings, expressions, and spellings were emphasized. There were three key questions addressed in creating a curriculum based assessment procedures. This included the mode of structuring the activities of evaluation in order to produce adequate data, the parameters of measuring the results, and the possibility of using the data to grow educational programs (Stecker & Fuchs, 2000, P.130). These questions were answered using a systematic evaluation of three major issues relevant to each of the measures. The logistical feasibility of the measures and treatment of utility or validity of the measures were technically ev aluated. The procedures for developing the assessment have been specified and will be briefly discussed. Definition Curriculum is the content that is organized for delivery to students. It is done with respect to sequence and scope of methods and materials by intended learning results (Lemons et al, 2013, p.450). Curriculum based assessment is a term that is used to refer to school based assessment that evaluates student performance in accordance to what is being taught. Curriculum based test measures the functioning of student in relation to knowledge and skills as outlined in the curriculum. It is noteworthy that the curriculum-based measurement measures the progress and competency of a student in the basic areas of skill such as... This essay approves that curriculum based assessment is an approach to measuring the educational growth of each student. The main objective of the curriculum-based assessment is to assist teachers in testing the effectiveness of the lessons offer to individual students. Curriculum based assessment has both advantages and disadvantages. They are efficient and economical in that most of the important characteristics that are used in developing curriculum based measurement procedures are within the context of the ongoing instructions. This report makes a conclusion that the results of CBM research have provided a ground for developing standardized procedures of measurement used to evaluate the effects of modifying the students’ instructional program. A research on the student’s achievement effects on teachers of special education using these procedures proved that the effectiveness of instruction could be improved by the use of CBM in formative evaluation. The assessment of CBM focuses mainly on reading and math as a basic skill. The broad focus is on the measurement areas, basic skills, behavior and others. The basic skills of reading, spelling, math, written expression and critical thinking skills are assessed. Curriculum based assessment procedures focus majorly on special education planning and development. It is evident that response to intervention is nowadays common. This improves teaching and learning with regard to the effective component of RTI that requires particular attention from admini strators.

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Principles of assessment in lifelong learning Essay Example for Free

Principles of assessment in lifelong learning Essay 1.1Explain the types of assessment used in lifelong learning. (150 words approx.) Initial/diagnostic assessment can be taken before learner’s enrollment for a course. This is a way of finding out whether the prospective course is suitable for a student and meets the learner’s needs or not. Formative assessment can be taken during the programme or a course. Teachers use assessments in their teaching sessions to make judgement about their learners. Summative assessment is used to outline or work out the level of achievement. Summative assessment is used for a final judgement about the learning achievements. Formal assessment is used where there is a need to assess learners under controlled conditions. Informal assessment is used as an ongoing check on understanding without control conditions. This is an aid for a teacher to monitor progress. Independent assessment applies to courses where the learners are assessed by someone other than their teacher. Peer assessment is used where other learners are at the same level of skill and knowledge and can play a vital role in judging a learners achievement level. 1.2 Explain the use of methods of assessment in lifelong learning. (150 words approx.) Different methods can be used for assessment in the lifelong learning. Short answers: is a good way of keeping student activities in their learnings. Multiple –choice: is a task in which learner has to select the correct answer from a number of alternative options. Observation: Observation is used i this programme for assessment of micro-teach/ teaching practice delivery. It can be used in any situation where practical skills are being assessed. Project work: involves a piece of written work in which learners take responsibility. Essays: This is a substantial piece of written work as well. It asks learners to show understanding of the subject. Exams: can be taken either by written tests or completion of a practical task under controlled conditions. Oral and aural: These assessment test speaking and listening skills. In this assessment, learners are required to listen to something and respond . Electronic assessment: refers to the use of information technology for any assessment-related activity.

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Safety Management Plan For Night Time Work Construction Essay

Safety Management Plan For Night Time Work Construction Essay In the previous in Chapter 1, the overview of this study was explained about and the problem was identified. Then from the overview, the aims of the study are to explore the challenges faced in construction site during night time, to identify the different factors associated with safety during night-time construction. Through the chapter, the elaborations of the topic are clearly described. The clarification of the sub-topic will studies about the night time construction, planning aspect, and the impact of night-time construction operations on safety, quality, environmental factors, and productivity. 2.2 Overview of Night work 2.2.1 Definition of Night work According to Derek Simpson (2005), night work is defined as a 7 hour period which includes that between midnight and 5am, usually 11pm to 6am. Anyone who normally works at least 3 hours of their working day during this night period is classed as a night worker. Night workers should not work more than an average of 8 hours in every 24. Where such work involves any special hazards or heavy physical or mental strain the 8 hours limit applies to each 24 hour period, not an average 8 hours over the reference period. According to the North Region Construction Night Work Guide (2007), night work is the most difficult and challenging time for the contractor to work to meet his contractual obligations and therefore the most difficult time for the inspector to ensure the work meets the standards and levels of quality while also ensuring that everything is done safely. 2.2.2 Safety Management Plan for Night time Work A management plan should be well documented and structured so that both employers and employees can benefits from its use. The following are recommended components of a safety management plan for night time works(: Site personnel responsibility It should be determined and stated clearly in the safety management plan the responsibility of each individual at construction site for night time works. Project Manager, Engineers, Designers, Safety Officer and Site Supervisors as well as workers each have their specific responsibility to make sure the highest level of priority are given towards safety and health issues. Permission to work at night Permission to work at night should be obtained from the relevant authority before construction works at night is carried out. Employers should submit their application for work permit to Local Government Authority and it is advisable to follow all requirements enforced by the authority prior to executing night time construction works. It is also recommended to notify the nearest police station, BOMBA, hospitals or clinics so that they can prepare accordingly in case of an emergency. It is also recommended that night work approved by the local authorities be informed to the residents/occupants of the surrounding neighbourhood. Inventory preparation for safety equipments Before night works are carried out, check the inventory of safety equipment to make sure they are sufficiently available, appropriate, and in good working condition. Purchase sufficient new safety equipment for a new construction project or to add existing inventory. Equipments such as retro-reflective signage, barriers, retro reflective tapes and lighting equipment are some example of safety equipment that should be provided for night time construction works. Material and Machine movement / coordination Employers should be aware that material and machine movement that is not well supervised could potentially cause serious injury and harm to workers and properties. Housekeeping Accidents can occur as a result of poor housekeeping. Hazards at construction site are the same for both day and night shift while the risks of injury are much higher during night works because of the inherent poor illumination. It is essential that the workplace is kept clean and tidy to ensure safety and prevent accidents. Emergency Preparedness and Response (EPR) One of the most important elements to consider before work at night is carried out is the EPR specifically for night time environment. A well established EPR can help both employer and employees to prepare; response and recover should a disaster occurs. Public safety When construction works involves public area, it is important to make sure the safety of the public. Consider the following when planning for night time work; identify the hazards for example construction vehicle movement or too much glare from lighting equipment and plan for vehicular movement to not interrupt peak hours and make sure adequate supervision is provided for such movement. Provide sufficient signage to warn the public and put barriers at a safe distance to keep the public away. Set up a safe walk ways where it is unavoidable to work near or in public vicinity. Arrange noisy equipments or machinery at farthest point from the public or adopt an engineering control to reduce the noise. When overhead crane is operating near the public, clear off the area and make sure adequate supervision is in place. Schedule for daily cleaning of the adjacent public road and filling up holes as well as uneven surfaces. Working hours manpower arrangement Employers should identify at which construction phase the need for night time work is required. Consider the following when planning for night time work; arrange a special team to work at night and allow for shift rotation and inform workers of the special hazards and risks at night to allow effective adaptation with the work environment. It is also recommended to send workers for health screening to make sure the workers are fit to work at night. Allowing an unfit worker to work at night will endanger the worker and other worker in the same work area. 2.3 Overview of Night-time construction According to the Guidelines for Construction Activities at Night (1999), there is an increasing demand for performing construction of highways and buildings at night, especially in the urban areas to reduce conflict between the public and the stakeholders of the projects. This approach can be beneficial in particular, for reducing traffic disruptions and meeting the completion deadlines. However, contractors should consider the increased safety risk at the workplace when conducting any construction activities at night. 2.3.1 Planning of construction work at night Working during night time by its very nature is dangerous. Workers are exposed to many high risk unsafe working conditions at construction site. Common problems that might occur are poor visibility in the working environment, working in a drowsy condition, and communication problems with the day shift. This could contribute to other work related safety and health problems for example drug and alcohol abuse, psychological problems, and physiological problems. (Shane J.S., 2012). Therefore, it is very important to plan any works for night time is engaged. Employers need to plan before hand the workforce required, special arrangement for safety provision such as sufficient work area lighting, retro-reflective clothing, flashing lights on equipments or structures and retro-reflective tape at work area surroundings. 2.3.2 Factors affecting night time work In order to decide when to conduct night time work, factors (parameters) affecting night time work must be identified. The following factors were identified: (Douglas K.D., 2003) Risk Illumination Nuisances Productivity Cost Safety Risk Night time construction introduces numerous risks to a construction project. One clear set of examples is driver and worker fatigue and reduced visibility, which are factors that could increase safety risks. Other major factors contributing to the risks of night time work are human factors such as sleep, stress, work, social or domestic issues, and psychological characteristics, such as appetite and safety. Additional factors associated with the risks of night time construction work zones are reduced work space for machinery and equipment movement, inadequate lighting, high speed of traffic during the night, and long working hours (12 to 14 hours). (Shane J.S., 2012). Risk management process The best way to address night time construction work-zone risks and hazards is through risk management programs. It is suggested that agencies and contractors begin their risk management processes early and review the risk management program carefully prior to beginning night time work. Risk management is the term used to describe a sequence of analysis and management activities focused on identifying and creating a response to risks and, in the case of night time construction, to project-specific risks (Shane J.S., 2012). Various organizations use very similar steps, but slightly different terms, to describe their risk management approach. These are the important risk management steps: 1. Risk identification. 2. Risk assessment/analysis. 3. Risk mitigation and planning. 4. Risk allocation. 5. Risk monitoring and control. Risk identification is the process of determining which risks might affect the project and documenting their characteristics using tools such as brainstorming and checklists. Risk assessment/analysis involves the quantitative or qualitative analysis that assesses impact and probability of risk. Risk mitigation and planning involves analyzing risk response options (acceptance, avoidance, mitigation, or transference) and deciding how to approach and plan risk management activities. Risk allocation involves placing responsibility for a risk on a specific party or parties typically through a contract. The fundamental tenets of risk allocation include allocating risks to the party that is best able to manage them, allocating risks in alignment with project goals, and allocating risks to promote team alignment with customer-oriented performance goals. Risk monitoring and control is the capture, analysis, and reporting of project performance, usually as compared to the risk management plan. Risk monitoring and control assists in tracking and resolution. Types of Risk The first step in an effective risk management program is to identify possible risks. Specific concerns related to night time work zones include poor visibility and work quality, staffing issues, unwanted noise and glare, decreased worker and driver alertness, impaired drivers, higher vehicle speeds, increased labour costs, materials and traffic control, and problems in logistics and supervision. These risks are categorized broadly as safety, cost/production and schedule, quality, organizational relationships, technical, construction, economic, and environmental. Illumination Night time construction lighting arrangements have an impact on project safety, quality, cost, and productivity. One of the main reasons illumination levels have a strong impact on the other aspects of night time construction is the fact that light influences human performance and alertness. Recommended lighting level A major problem with night time work-zone lighting arrangements is the insufficiency of the lighting provided to perform the construction or maintenance task. The level of lighting needed for specific construction activities depends on factors related to the humans performing the activities, as well as factors relating to the task at hand and the environment in which it takes place. For example, visual ability is a human factor that is known to vary among workers. Therefore, lighting standards assume reasonable visual abilities that are considered to be normal, while giving some allowance for variations among individuals. This assumption allows for visual standards to be based mainly on the visual requirements of the specific tasks construction activities required (Shane J.S., 2012). Task Dependency Visual Standard Required Accuracy The higher the precision required in a task, the higher the level of illumination needed. Background Reflection The ability to visualize an object or a target depends on the contrast between that object and the background. Highly reflective backgrounds decrease the visibility of the target or object. Relative Speed The relative speed of the object/target or its observer is another factor directly affecting the level of lighting needed for the construction task. Faster moving objects or targets necessitate higher levels of illumination. Objective Speed The size of the target observed in construction tasks has an impact on the needed level of illumination for the task. The smaller the object, the higher the level of lighting needed. Seeing distance The distance between the observer and the target in each task is another determining factor in setting illumination levels. Larger distances necessitate higher levels of illumination. Table 2.1: Task-dependent visual standards Sources: A Guidebook for Nighttime Construction: Impacts on Safety, Quality, and Productivity. Nuisances Sound Sound is energy in motion as a pressure wave through the air produced by a vibrating body. A decibel (dB) is the basic sound level unit; it denotes a ratio of intensity to a reference sound. Most sounds that humans are capable of hearing have a decibel range of 0 to 140. Zero dB, by international agreement, corresponds to an air pressure level of 20 micro-Pascals (in other words, the agreed-upon threshold of hearing). A whisper is about 30 dB, conversational speech is about 60 dB, and 130 dB is the threshold of physical pain. Humans sense the intensity difference of one sound from another. A three-decibel change in noise level is a barely noticeable difference, while a 10-dB change is perceived subjectively as a doubling/halving in loudness (Shane J.S., 2012). Noise Noise can seriously harm human health and interfere with peoples daily activities at school, at work, at home and during leisure time. According to World Health Organization (WHO) (2004), the main health risks of noise identified are: Pain and hearing fatigue Hearing impairment including tinnitus Annoyance Interferences with social behaviour (aggressiveness, protest and helplessness) Interference with speech communication Sleep disturbance and all its consequences on a long and short term basis Cardiovascular effects Hormonal responses (stress hormones) and their possible consequences on human metabolism (nutrition) and immune system Performance at work and school Environment Critical health effect Sound level dB(A)* Time hours Outdoor living areas Annoyance 50-55 16 Indoor dwellings Speech intelligibility 35 16 Bedrooms Sleep disturbance 30 8 School classrooms Disturbance of communication 35 During class Industrial, commercial and traffic areas Hearing impairment 70 24 Music through earphones Hearing impairment 85 1 Ceremonies and entertainment Hearing impairment 100 4 Table 2.2: WHO Community Noise Guidance Sources: Occupational Noise-World Health Organization Vibration According to Shreve (1994), vibration can be defined as simply the cyclic or oscillating motion of a machine or machine component from its position of rest. Many types of construction activities cause vibrations that spread through the ground (ground-borne), most notably pile driving, hoe ram demolition, blasting, and vibratory compacting. Though the vibrations diminish in strength with distance from the source, they can produce annoying or objectionable audible and feel able levels in buildings very close to construction sites. Rarely do vibrations reach levels that cause structural damage to buildings. However, minor cosmetic damages can occur at lower vibration levels and, in the case of old, fragile, or historical buildings, a danger of significant structural damage always exists. Dust During the night, many households leave their windows open to take advantage of the cool night air. With urban night time construction projects being very close to peoples living space, dust can be a problem. Night time construction dust problems are accentuated by the lighting, which makes the particulate matter very visible. Fugitive dust may be generated by construction operations, and the contract specifications should require that the contractor prepare a dust control plan. In many cases, dust control is not a problem that is limited to night time activities; therefore, air quality or dust control plans should be for all hours of the day or night (Shane J.S., 2012).

Friday, September 20, 2019

Developing Child Fitness and Diet

Developing Child Fitness and Diet Children Fitness and Diet Fitness and exercise for children is quite different than that for adults. Children’s motivation and their physical capacity are different as is their adaptability to, and benefit from, different types of activity. Generally speaking, physical fitness for children should ideally involve: Being active because they wish to be active, confident and to enjoy activity. Running and moving, especially in activity bursts. Children don’t have to imitate the adult equation of maintaining a heart rate in a target area for half an hour. Children sprint and rest, sprint and rest. Ideally children should accumulate significant total movement time every day. The automatic activity of children develops their competence and their confidence in the motor skills. Their skills and confidence will influence their enjoyment of all activities – for we all enjoy to accomplish things that we excel at. The Critical Right Start From a young age, children begin labelling themselves either as athletic, or not. Feeling competent on a field, a court, the playground or even just in a back yard will lead to a continued keenness to play, which in turn leads to more learning and thus greater success. Unfortunately, the opposite is also quite true – getting away to a bad start may cause children to want sit out physical activities, thus missing an opportunity to fully develop during their key growth years while also exacerbating their self-doubt about their individual athleticism can grow into a self-fulfilling prophesy. Each child can and should try to be successful athletically, and the skills required to be successful are quite learnable for moreorless any child, provided that: The child receives individually delivered instructions to learn the proper technique for each skill at their competence level. Children perform the repetitions necessary that build the muscle memory for a particular technique. The challenge is that most available resources to develop skills for children fall short on one or even both points. Many PE, coaches and sports classes adopt a sink-or-swim technique of teaching that simply sets children up for a failure, while tedious and repetitive practice sessions are conducted, that most children do not really enjoy beyond a few minutes. Those children who on a regular basis are physically active will automatically reap huge benefits, it is also common sense that those children benefit from regular exercise: Are less liable to be overweight Will have a diminished risk of developing type 2 diabetes Have a reduced blood cholesterol level plus lower blood pressure Will have higher self-esteem and confidence with reduced instances of depression and anxiety Are more likely to have stronger bones and muscles Will be more mentally attentive at school Have a better outlook on life Clearly we understand that it is essential that children need to be active, now it is time to get the children up, about, playing and participating. The Other Benefits of Exercise In addition to the health rewards of regular exercise, those kids that are fit physically will sleep more soundly and be better equipped to deal with those challenges, both physical and emotional that a typical day presents — whether that is running for a bus, bending to tie a shoe lace or studying for a test. The American Heart Association recommends: Participating in a minimum of 30 minutes of enjoyable, moderate intensity physical activity each day is essential for every child aged 2 or more. These activities should be developmentally appropriate and varied. If your child does not have a full one hour break each day, then it is vital to provide at the very minimum a half hour break, and this can be split into 15 minute breaks or three x 10-minute breaks when they can engage in vigorous activities suitable to their age, gender and their stage of physical and emotional progress. Any concerns about your child’s physical or overall health should be discussed with their pediatrician. Get moving Getting physically active is very important for young and growing bodies. A considerable percentage of children are overweight or obese. So encouraging an active lifestyle for them along with a balanced diet is a sure way to maintain a healthy weight: Ideally children should do at least 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. That could be dancing, running, swimming, or an organized sport such as football, netball or simply active play. Restrict if possible, a child to about two hours of watching television, using a computer or playing electronic games per day. Try to be active with your own and your friend’s children and include physical activity for them in family outings and integrate this into the fabric of daily family life. Focus on fun. It is not necessary to call it â€Å"exercise,† simply consider it as an activity. Find out those activities which the child likes and encourage those. Limit computer and TV time. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests not greater than â€Å"two hours of exposure to daily media† for children aged two and older. When the child is engrossed with a screen, make sure breaks are taken and that they move around. Schedule the play dates. The key word is â€Å"play.† Have the child get together with a friend or two and play a game of tag, or throw or kick a ball about. Put up a basketball net and shoot hoops. Give fitness oriented gifts, consider a jump-rope, a mini-trampoline or a hula-hoop — something that will encourage activity and movement. Be a model of fitness. It is far easier to motivate children to be active, if as a parent or adult you also lead an active lifestyle. Whether one follows a structured fitness program or you regularly execute some morning stretches, let the children see you being active. It will usually likely inspire them also to do likewise. Encourage biking or walking whenever possible. This is easier if your home is near stores, a library or other locations that you all regularly frequent. However If you live in a more remote area, then establish a safe route for a bike ride or hike with the child. Be a fitness promoter at the child’s school. How much physical activity does your child get at school? Find out and if you feel it is less then enroll support from the other parents to initiate positive changes. The Many Benefits of Exercise Everyone will benefit with regular exercise. Kids that are active develop: tougher bones and muscles a lean body shape, for regular exercise controls body fat be less likely to become overweight decrease the risk of developing type 2 diabetes possibly lower blood pressure and blood cholesterol levels have a better outlook on life In addition to positive health benefits of exercising regularly, children that are physically fitter will also sleep more soundly and are better prepared to handle those emotional and physical challenges which a typical day may present — such as running to catch a bus, bending to tie a shoelace or studying for a test. The American Heart Association recommends: That children aged 2 years or older benefit greatly from at a minimum of 30 minutes of fun and moderately intense physical exercise each day. Those activities should be developmentally appropriate and also varied. If a child does not receive a full 30 minute break for active play each day: Then try to provide at minimum two x 15-minute periods or three x 10-minute periods, where the child may perform a vigorous activity which is suitable for their gender, age and their level of physical and emotional development. Any worries about a child’s physical or overall health must be discussed with a pediatrician. Encouraging healthy habits The smart way to inspire our children to be healthy and active is to be a role model. Help them filter the information regarding the food they are receiving and be led by example. Remember that food is much more than just nutrients and fuel. To children, food should be fun, should taste good, and food should be social – to be enjoyed! Having a healthy diet Parents are the primary influence upon the diet of children, for they directly control many of the food choices, and especially at a younger ages. Active, growing children absolutely require balanced nutrition so that their bodies grow healthily. Most attitudes about food are formed during the early school years, thus creating the foundation of future eating habits. We can help our children create a health foundation by encouraging a like of good food and nutrition throughout the formative years. Growing bodies The primary school years are busy and children require good nutrition in order to concentrate at school and also to fuel their daily activities (play and sport). Equally children need nutritious foods to develop and grow normally. An eating pattern which includes a variety of foods from across different food groups provides children with a range of nutrients and also the fuel they need. Eating sufficient fresh vegetables, legumes and fruits Eating sufficient cereals (preferably whole-grain), to include bread, pasta, rice, and noodles Lean meat, poultry, fish, and/or alternatives Include milk, cheese and yoghurt (the fat reduced products are not suitable for children under 2 years of age) While the occasional ‘extra’ treats such as iced lollies, French fries and take away foods are ok, if they are eaten too often and become habitual, then not only are the children liable to want more and more, it also will result in a decline of the nourishing foods while increasing the risk of becoming overweight, as well as the heightened risk of tooth decay. Children need to be well hydrated. Children must be encouraged to drink water. Try limiting sugar infused drinks such as soda’s, soft drinks, cordials and even fruit juices. If consumed regularly they will contribute to issues like excess weight and tooth decay. A glass full of milk is very nutritious to drink and contributes to the recommended three servings of dairy per day that ensures children get the calcium that growing bones require. Importance of dairy foods As one of the five food groups, dairy products play a crucial role in a healthy diet. Milk, cheese and yoghurt contain over 10 essential nutrients: Carbohydrates Proteins Minerals (magnesium, calcium, potassium and zinc, phosphorus,) Vitamins (A, B12 and riboflavin) Healthy strong bones Dairy foods are well known for providing calcium and its effect upon building strong bones. Naturally, the bones of children grow rapidly, therefore a calcium-rich diet in childhood will maximise peak bone mass and help reduce any risk of fractures and osteoporosis later in life. Three servings of dairy foods per day will give children most of the required calcium requirements. One serving of a dairy product equates as: 1 glass (= 250mL) of milk 2 slices (= 40g) of cheese 1 tub (= 200g) of yoghurt Milk, cheese and yoghurt also provide at least nine other vital nutrients – vitamin A for good eye sight, protein and zinc for development and growth, and vitamin B12 to keep the blood healthy. Dental health Tooth decay is still a common health problem in children, despite being largely preventable. In addition to oral hygiene such as regular brushing, correct nutrition and eating habits are important in preventing dental disease. Special anti-decay nutrients such as phosphorus, and calcium, are contained in the milk proteins and therefore dairy foods are a unique combination with a specific preventative role in dental health. Breakfast Everyone knows that breakfast is the most crucial meal of a day and especially so for energising the minds and bodies of children’s before school. Low Glycaemic Index (GI) foods that provide a slow release of energy are preferable breakfast choices. Dairy foods contain a low GI. In winter start a day with a steaming and hot milky porridge and then in the warmer months put some ice cold milk on a child’s favourite cereal. Yoghurt and muesli mix. Great in a yoghurt container for a breakfast on the move. Grilled cheese on toast, a perennial favourite. A Fruit and yoghurt smoothie. Lovely for children who dislike breakfast. Lunch Dairy foods are good for the school lunch box. Portions of cheese with biscuits and dried fruit. Sandwiches or pita bread with cheese and a choice of spread with salad. Freeze a yoghurt tub the previous night. Helps keep a lunch box cool. Snacks Ice cold milk shake or a smoothie is a great filler. Use crackers and vegetable sticks to eat a yoghurt based dip. When it comes to instilling healthy habits, you can teach children their â€Å"ABCDE† Act Boldly to Change Diet and Exercise.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Learning Styles and Strategies :: Teaching Education Essays

Learning Styles and Strategies My learning style is generally well balanced between active, reflective, sensing and intuitive learning. However, I have a more moderate preference toward the visual learning over verbal and the sequential over global learning. The results of my test did not surprise me. I realize that I comprehend better when shown how to do something over reading directions from a text. I feel the assessment of my test was very valid and the questions that were asked were relative to the process. I believe that my test results were very accurate. As a learner the instructional strategies that work best for me are the visual along with sequential and I would use these in a classroom with games, graphs, pictures, charts, films, and other tools. To help students that do not learn in the same way, an instructor must incorporate other strategies in the classroom to accommodate each of the different learning styles. This would include using the reflective learning style by giving the student a chance to think about a subject and come to a conclusion to bring to class a discussion. It would also include addressing the verbal learning style by assigning reading material of different types the student could address in class. An evaluation quiz could be used in the classroom utilizing each learning style to access the different learning styles of the students, giving the instructor information about her students learning skills. This information could then be used to better structure the class material so that each student is accommodated. There are many different technologies out there that can be helpful in today’s classroom to address the different learning skills of students.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

The Cold War 1980’s-1990’s Essay -- World History

Upon hearing the mention of â€Å"The Cold War† most people begin to imagine and think of a time focused on political and military tensions between two main powers, the United States of the Western world and The Soviet Union of the Communist world. The context of the Cold War has traditionally been seen this way, as a nontraditional war without any engagement of battle, as a nuclear arms race between to profoundly different political and economic ideologies. Though being accurate this view of the Cold War is not complete. The Cold War was not just a nonviolent war between the United States and the Soviet Union but one affecting the entire planet in different fashions and on multiple plains. It is for these reasons that while events during the 1980’s-1990’s seemingly led to the conventional end of conflict, they ironically only facilitated the existence and continuance of the Cold War even until today. Probably one of the most recognized events of the 1980’s is the collapse of communism but first it is important to look at events that leading up to this collapse to provide a better context of events post collapse. One very significant period of time was the mid 1980’s when it seemed all eyes were on Africa in its entirety. The release of the song â€Å"We are the World† in 1985, the â€Å"Break the Chains† campaign of 1987, and the focus on the influential figure, Desmond Tutu, during 1986 are all examples of how the United States and other countries were focused on providing aid to africa. In her book, Enlightened Aid: U.S. Development as Foreign Policy in Ethiopia, Amanda McVety explains this aid and how United Sates foreign aid was a cold war project, â€Å"It offered a Cold War weapon that was not a weapon and promised peace through peaceful me... ... 8.4 (2006): 29-56. Print. McVety, Amanda Kay. Enlightened Aid: U.S. Development as Foreign Aid Policy in Ethiopia. New York: Oxford UP, 2012. Print. "Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950 Approved in Parliament | South African History Online." South African History Online. Web. 03 May 2012. no-44-1950-approved-parliament>. Totten, Samuel, and Rifiki Ubaldo. We Cannot Forget. ; Interviews with Survivors of the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda. Rutgers UP, 2011. Print. "TED KENNEDY’S AFRICAN LEGACY." Africa Is a Country. Web. 03 May 2012. . Ye, Weili, and Xiaodong Ma. Growing up in the People's Republic: Conversations between Two Daughters of China's Revolution. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005. Print.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Brand Hierarchy

Smart Principles for Designing a Brand Hierarchy We all know the recession has drastically impacted consumer behaviors, but we may often overlook its direct impact on brands themselves. The recession has changed the way marketers manage their brand portfolios as they try to do more with less. As such, marketers are taking a closer look at how then can stretch existing brand equity across a greater number of products, often taking a parent brand/sub-brand approach. We generally see four different sub-brand approaches, each with their own benefits and risks: 1.Driver Sub-Brands—A driver sub-brand encourages purchase decisions by representing the value proposition central to the user experience. The parent brand endorses the sub-brand—but it’s the sub-brand that defines the consumer’s perceptions of the product or service experience and proves the primary driver motivating consumer purchase. Take the Gillette Fusion razor. Customers primarily buy the technolo gy and performance represented by the Fusion name. Fusion is the driver brand while Gillette creates a strong identity and clear visibility for the Fusion name on the package, retail rack, and in consumers’ minds.As you might guess, if a company is going to take a driver sub-branding approach, then the sub-brand must generate real response to its entrance in the marketplace to succeed. 2. Co-Driver Sub-Brands—In this case both the parent brand and the sub-brand play major—and often equal—roles in driving the consumer toward purchase. Cadillac’s Escalade sub-brand serves as a co-driver, as both the Cadillac and Escalade brand names influence consumers’ purchase decisions.While consumers associate the Cadillac name with top of the line performance, quality, and style, the Escalade brand compounds that image with the slightly rugged, more versatile associations of a sports utility vehicle. Cadillac marketers leverage the associations of both dr iver brands to command market share in the luxury sports utility vehicle category, as well as generating significant demand for the car among Hollywood celebrities attracted to the brand’s image of luxury, spaciousness, and high performance versatility.In co-driver situations, both the parent brand’s image and the sub-brand’s image together influence the consumer’s decision to purchase the product. 3. Descriptor Sub-Brands—As implied by the name, descriptor brands communicate a distinct facet of the parent brand—e. g. , class, feature, target segment, or function. For example, Purina Dog Food maintains the following descriptive brands: Dog Chow, Beneful, Hi-Pro, Fit & Trim, Puppy Chow, Moist & Meaty.Purina Brand Dog Food uses these descriptor sub-brands to more accurately meet the needs of individual dog breeds and the specific demands of dog owners. While all dogs could potentially thrive off of the standard Puppy and Dog Chow offerings, de veloping specialized offerings for overweight, high-energy, and performance dogs defined by a unique descriptor sub-brand enables owners to better address their dog’s perceived needs. This is the riskiest category of sub-brands, as the sub-brand may cannibalize the parent brand if insufficient differentiation among the varieties exists. . Endorsed Sub-Brands—In an endorsed sub-brand relationship, the parent brand often provides support and credibility to the sub-brand’s claims in a more explicit fashion than co-drivers (for example, Rugby by Ralph Lauren). Endorsed sub-brands provide consumers with assurance that the sub-brand will deliver on the same value propositions as the parent offering, enabling the parent brand to expand into new markets while retaining its established brand position.

Monday, September 16, 2019

A Shared Vision

Most individuals who have exemplary leadership qualities and skills are often referred to as â€Å"born leaders.† However, I tend to disagree with such kind of mentality.I believe that there is no such thing as born leaders, but rather good leaders are honed by their experiences in life as well as with the principles and values that they acquire through time. Being an effective leader entails that a person should know how to influence and motivate other people.These include sharing with them a vision or objective that the leader thinks will benefit the organization that they belong to. Being the case, it is important to give due attention and consideration to the life experiences of a leader.The vision that he or she has and how he or she will fit it with the rules of the organization is also essential. In line with this, I also have my own life experiences that helped me to have the necessary leadership traits that I currently apply with the organization that I belong to.Pers onal ExperiencesI served for the military for a span of ten years. Like any personnel that have to work for this kind of organization, I have learned the concept of discipline and obedience. We were trained to follow orders and to always be ready for anything especially during emergency situations.I also internalized the principle of standing for what you believe in. Sometimes, I even have to fight for my principles in life because there are instances wherein I will encounter a situation or even people who would challenge the beliefs that I have. I can say that working for the military has indeed honed me into becoming the person that I am now. I have learned many things that developed my leadership qualities.I vividly remember a particular person that inspired me because I believe that he exemplifies what an ideal and effective leader should be. I was under his supervision during my initial entry into the military. At first, I find him too strict and intimidating. He always notices my every move and makes a big deal of the mistakes that I make. I really have a hard time keeping with the standards that he has.However, as the days pass by I noticed that his strictness is actually helping me. I have become more disciplined and I tend to think carefully of every move that I take.I make it a point to logically and critically analyze my decisions and actions especially with regards to its effects on other people. Under his leadership, I started doing my best to prove myself to him and to the organization by taking greater responsibilities and making bolder steps. I can say that I have proved my worth because of his way of motivating me.Moreover, I also admired how he handles his subordinates. He might be a disciplinarian but he still makes sure that he gives equal attention to the needs of the people that he governs.Another remarkable trait that he has is the way he influences other people with the vision that he holds for the organization. He wants to improve the military by training people that will uplift the organization. As such, all his plans and efforts are dedicated in the achievement of such vision.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Jack: Straight From The Gut by John F. Welch, Jr. Essay

Overview: An autobiography, Jack: Straight From The Gut provides John F. Welch, Jr. the opportunity to guide us through not only his time spent as Chairman and CEO during a forty-one year career with General Electric (GE), but also his early years, and his family life outside of GE. From his days as a first grader growing up in Salem, Massachusetts playing gin with his beloved mother, to his welcoming of Jeff Immelt as his successor as CEO, Welch describes in fast moving detail his thoughts, feelings, wins, and losses, all in chronological order. As a child Welch respected and admired his father, but cherished his mother and maintained a bond with her that he references long after her death in 1965. She imparted him with enormous self-confidence and leadership skills that he developed early and kept with him through high school, his undergraduate years at the University of Massachusetts, graduate school at the University of Illinois, and ultimately throughout his time with GE. As Welch describes his GE career, he conveys many of the characteristics that led to him become CEO. Most notably, he credits his energy, passion, and integrity for his success and emphatically emphasizes that other leaders must search for those same values when building teams and cultivating talent. Along the way Welch highlights his many victories but gives equal time to his mistakes. Above all he notes â€Å"people† as the defining factor in success or failure. â€Å"In fact, GE’s all about finding and building great people, no matter where they come from. I’m over the top on lots of issues, but none comes as close to the passion I have for making people GE’s core competency.†1 Review: A quick search under â€Å"Jack Welch† on Amazon.com shows eleven different book titles, all of which, in one form or another, spread the wisdom of a man regarded widely as America’s most admired business leader. From that, one might surmise that Jack: Straight From The Gut would follow the recipe for discussion on such GE tenets as: Six Sigma, boundarlyess culture, and globalization. However, though he does spend considerable time on these standard topics, he provides much more in the way of underlying reasons for the success of these programs, and for their derivation. Unlike other books written about Welch, he wrote this one largely by himself and I found it extremely interesting compared to some of the previous efforts of authors trying to capture the essence of both Welch and GE. Of particular interest was Welch’s detailed analysis of Reg Jones’ selection process in 1980 that led to Welch succeeding him as CEO, versus Welch’s own selection process nearly twenty years later for his own replacement. Welch describes in game-like fashion his position of underdog against eight other GE executives under consideration for the job. â€Å"We were all working our butts off trying to differentiate ourselves.†2 Welch ultimately wins the game but vows to himself to select his successor in a different and more fair way, if at all possible. He would get that chance in a process he began in 1994 when he asked his VP for executive development to put together a list of attributes for the â€Å"ideal CEO†3 â€Å"The specs were filled with skills and characteristics you’d want: integrity/values, experience, vision, leadership, edge, stature, fairness, and enery/balance/courage.† 4 Those that filled this criteria totaled 23, but were whittled down to eight serious candidates by 1998. In 2000 Welch formally announced the three final candidates, but took an unprecedented bold step in naming each of their replacements. This ensured that GE would lose two top executives after naming one to become the new CEO, but was done to provide the new leader 100% confidence that he was in charge and would have no reason to have to look over his shoulder. I found the process that named Jeff Immelt CEO and the one that selected Welch in 1980 both fascinating. Welch delivers his message in a confident and candid manner as one might expect, but quite self-effacing at times which may surprise some readers. He certainly takes credit for, and celebrates victories, but gave equal time in the book, if not more, to his mistakes. As a recent book review in The Wall Street Journal indicates, â€Å"He lacks standard-issue pomposity and makes plenty of jokes at his own expense.†5 From relaying a time early in his career when his new car had a hose spring a leak and ruin his suit and the paint on the car, to bigger mistakes such as the well publicized perceived failure of GE’s Kidder Peabody unit, Welch maintains an air of humility and self deprecation throughout the book. Takeaways: As an employee of GE’s medical division, I enjoy reading about Welch and have read a few other books about him. However, none captivated me as this one did. I expected to find it interesting but had no idea how much so until only a few pages into it. Learning about the boy, the student, the engineer, and the leader who would transform an already successful company into arguably the best company in the world was very entertaining. For me, working in the GE culture and experiencing it as I have over the past four years gives me a tremendous sense of pride. I understand Welch’s vision well when he speaks of, â€Å"the four Es of GE leadership: very high energy levels, the ability to energize others around common goals, the edge to make tough yes-and-no decisions, and finally, the ability to consistently execute and deliver on their promises.†6 I understand what he looks for and strive hard to emulate that image. In my opinion, hearing his basis and rationale for creating this culture further enhances people’s abilities to thrive in it. My final takeaway involves that of integrity. Welch begins and ends the book with this theme and mentions it many times throughout. I’ve heard him mention it many times previously, but he drives it home with such passion and conviction here in his memoirs. â€Å"I never had two agendas. There was only one way-the straight way.†7 With no regrets and apologies to none, the business world certainly has not heard the last of Jack Welch. Endnotes 1. Jack Welch and John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight From The Gut (New York: Warner Business Books, 2001), 156. 2. Ibid., 79. 3. Ibid., 409. 4. Ibid. 5. Holman W. Jenkins Jr., â€Å"Life According To Jack Welch,† The Wall Street Journal, 21 September 2001, sec.W, p. 12. 6. Welch, 158. 7. Ibid., 381. Bibliography â€Å"Life According To Jack Welch.† The Wall Street Journal, 21 September 2001, sec. W, p. 1. Welch, Jack, and John A. Byrne. Jack: Straight From The Gut. New York: Warner Business Books, 2001.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Describe Key Aspects of Public Health Strategies

P1-Describe key aspects of public health strategies There are many different strategies developed by the governments to monitor and care for the health of its people. These strategies help the public to live a healthy lifestyle and lead towards the betterment of their health. Controlling communicable diseases The Communicable Diseases Branch develops policy to help with the surveillance, prevention, and control of communicable diseases. As well as advising the Government about individual diseases and immunisation.The branch also works to ensure the safety of donated blood supplies, to prepare disease outbreak plans, and to monitor disease levels elsewhere in the world. The prevention of infection includes, standards precautions such as; Hand Hygiene, Use of personal protective equipment (PPE): gloves, aprons, eye protection, face masks etc. Handle and dispose of sharps safely, Dispose of contaminated waste safely, managing blood and body fluids: spillages etc, and Place patients with infections in appropriate accommodation.These are some prevention methods which could be used to control infections from spreading. Controlling communicable diseases is important to public based individuals in improving their health by keeping them away from spreading germs and illnesses. Also, the government and the local authorities as it is their job to ensure that the public is protected from such infectious diseases which are becoming a major of the illnesses. Promoting the health of the populationHealth- promoting activities to reduce ill health in the population. Health promotion is a process directed towards enabling people to take action. Thus, health promotion is not something that is done on or to people; it is done by, with and for people either as individuals or as groups. The purpose of this activity is to strengthen the skills and capabilities of individuals to take action and the capacity of groups or communities to act together to control over the matters of health so positive changes could be achieved.It is an essential strategy which addresses the major health challenges faced by developing and developed nations, including communicable and non-communicable diseases and issues related to human development and health. This is important to the service users and the authorities as it helps in the betterment of their health through the promotion of various activities and guidelines for the public. It is essential to the government as they carry the responsibility to care for the public and protect them from any diseases or illnesses.As well as this is important to the authorities due to its being their responsibility to promote health and fulfil their responsibilities towards the public. Developed programmes to reduce risk and promote screening Developed programme to reduce risk and promote screening is a beneficial strategy used for the protection of the public so illnesses could be prevented from an early stage. So the risks of a developing di sease are controlled beforehand. There are different screening programs for cancer such as, the NHS breast screening programme, the NHS cervical screening programme and the NHS bowel screening programme.However, screening cannot always prevent cancer but help in trying to reduce it by slowing it down. These screening programs are essential to the government and the authorities as it is their job to ensure that the public is protected from any major illnesses that increase the mortality and the morbidity rate. It has importance to the public as it assist them in having a better health and being able to protect themselves from death causing illnesses through using these screening programs.