Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essays

Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essays Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essay Fdi In The Indian Aviation Industry Tourism Essay The premier intent of this undertaking was to understand the direction schemes employed in the low cost aircraft bearer concern, every bit good as to reply some inquiries related to this industry like ; how has the recent economic lag affected this industry? Why is it that some companies have fared better than the remainder? Are the Indian LCC industry criterions different from that in other states? The recent Kingfisher debacle will besides be scrutinized. How and what could they ( Kingfisher ) have done otherwise in footings of concern schemes? Are at that place any heuristics that can be applied to the industry in India in general? Scope The range of this undertaking was limited to the LCC operations in India, with some mentions being drawn from international operators every bit good. The primary purpose was to analyze the concern schemes employed in the industry, furthermore an thorough survey of the full LCC operations, globally and their concern schemes were non executable in the given clip frame. DATA COLLECTION METHOD The primary beginning of information was information from some beginnings in the air power industry. The chronologically collated files contained all the information about the companies, their fiscal minutess, balance sheets and gross informations. Apart from this, some treatments were held with a Senior Manager of the Airport in Chennai. The Senior Manager gave an overview of each country in the airdrome and how LCC were different from premium bearers and the general tendencies noticed in an airdrome with regard to backing of LCC and so on. : The secondary beginnings of information were obtained from assorted documents on the same country of research. Diaries and research documents were used to analyse the current degree of research in the country. Web sites were used for cardinal apprehension of assorted nomenclatures and slang used in the LCC industry. PROJECT OUTLINE The undertaking focusses on the Low cost bearer services presently providing in India. The major focal point of the survey would be on their concern schemes, and how the LCC concern caught on in India. This is of importance as the air hose industry in India is on a complete downward swing due to the planetary economic crisis, in malice of this some LCC in India have managed a bend about and gone on to do healthy net incomes. At the same clip some other bearers have failed miserably in the quest to sharply spread out. A critical analysis of the full KINGFISHER debacle would be done and the consequences and recommendations of the survey would assist different LCC services to better understand the Indian air hose industry. Restriction The survey was conducted on a really little group of LCC ( those in India ) and most of the consequences, treatments and analysis are based on my position point of the current scenario in India and as a individual who does nt go a batch by air they may non be perfect and may or may non be applicable to all LCC, in fact the recommendations given may merely be applicable to the consideration set. It is in order to countervail this restriction that I have incorporated a twosome of international LCC and their concern schemes into this study. LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 ABOUT THE BUSINESS Any air hose service that has in general a lower cost or menus and fewer amenitiess when compared to any regular air hose service possibly referred to as a Low Cost Carrier. It is of import that this service non be mixed up with local flights that ply for short continuance and hence do non offer a batch of on on-board services. As expected this scheme of take downing the cost of the airfare is traveling to take a ball out of their gross and to do up for the same they about ever charge excess for standard characteristics like nutrient on-board, precedence embarkation, transporting of excess luggage and besides for taking desired seats on the flight. This will be discussed in item during the class of the paper. These are some of the features that set LCC apart from the remainder of the air hose industry. At a clip when winging was a manner of conveyance reserved for the rich and celebrated ( 1950 1975 ) , few companies ( notably Southwest Airline ) started selling cheaper tickets at unthinkably low menus, they managed to make this by cutting costs and running a more efficient concern theoretical account. This led to the coming of the budget or low cost bearer theoretical account. The concern theoretical account adopted by Southwest air hose has since become the empirical theoretical account for the full LCC industry. For several old ages different LCC around the universe have stuck to the tested and tried theoretical account of Southwest air hoses. In recent times, due to lifting costs and increased competition in the air hose industry, little amendments have been made to the Southwest air hoses concern theoretical account in order that the other LCC survive the industry. The air hose deregulating act passed in 1978 by the authorities of the United States marked the coming of the LCC concern. This act allowed new participants into the market every bit good as giving them the power to put their ain monetary values. It is of import to observe that 60 65 % of the cost for air hoses come from external factors this means a batch of the cost ca nt truly be controlled. A generic interruption up of this cost would be 40 % for fuel, 12 15 % cost of care and another 12 15 % as the cost of ownership. The LCC concern participants hence need to cut costs in some other avenue and they found the beginning in in air services. INTRODUCTION AND BRIEF HISTORY FROM AROUND THE WORLD The construct of a low cost air hose was started in the 1970ss by the American domestic bearer Southwest with the exclusive aim of offering inexpensive airfares to the consumers. This created a state of affairs where already established flag ship bearers or bequest air hoses to lose a important sum of the market portion to these freshly formed low cost air hoses, strictly because of their ability to bear down a lower monetary value over traditional full cost air hoses. NORTH AMERICA From the deregulating in the 1970 s till the early 2000 s the transmutation of the low cost construct in the United States can merely be described as a series of inventions, proliferations and consolidations where many other low cost air hoses ( e.g. Pacific Southwest, New York Air, Jet America ) entered the market of which, some survived the competition and others did non. This besides caused some of the major bearers to get down their ain subordinates under the low cost streamer in order to recover their lost market portion. Europe In Europe the low cost construct was originated in the UK and Ireland based on the Southwest theoretical account with the debut of easyJet and Ryanair in 1995. Their success was attributed to the favorable economic model that encouraged the low cost air hose industry. For illustration, the deregulating allowed air hoses of member provinces to run domestically within the European Union. Another Example is low charges at underused airdromes which increased the rider Numberss traveling into those airdromes and eventually, their direct gross revenues attack utilizing the cyberspace and call Centres. AUSTRALIA/ NEW ZEALAND After the deregulating of the Australian domestic market in the early 1890ss, air hoses such as Compass Airlines and compass Mk II started low cost operations. However they were absorbed into the Qantas group as a consequence of the fiscal strength Qantas had over the low cost air hose. The lone important low cost invention came in the signifier of virgin blue which still continues to run today. In New Zealand, although the deregulating motion was implemented in 1984, low cost operations did non get down until 1995. However, unlike most other states it was nt in the domestic sector but short draw trans-Tasman flights, started by Kiwi Airlines. The response for this by the New Zealand flag ship bearer Air New Zealand was to make their ain subordinate Freedom Air to derive a market portion in the low cost air hose sector. Unfortunately, this creative activity of Freedom Air combined with the force per unit area from Qantas drove Kiwi Airlines out of the market. However, Deregulation within New Zealand has meant that new entrants and peculiarly big air hoses with significant capital are seeing New Zealand as an attractive market to come in and are sing the domestic and Trans-Tasman paths as possible gross earners ( Francis et al, 2005, p.89 ) . Today, an outgrowth of low cost bearer Virgin Blue operates Trans-Tasman paths under the streamer Pacific Blue. Asia In Asia, it was ever thought that the tight authorities control and limitations implemented will non let favorable conditions for low cost air hoses to thrive. However the rapid demographic and economic advancement combined with engorged hub airdromes aboard underutilised airdromes and the demand for authoritiess of those states to advance touristry and trade outside the capital metropoliss influenced in the conveying the low cost construct to the continent of Asia. Sing the success of some of the European air hoses such as easyJet and Ryanair, Malaysian bearer Air Asia started low cost domestic operations in 2001 based on the South West theoretical account. Other subordinate air hoses such as Tiger Airways and ValuAir have besides started operations and are still in service today. AN OVERVIEW Low COST CARRIER STRATEGIES The full LCC construct is based on a really simple thought. They do non concentrate on rider segregation ; on the reverse they use seats that are placed really near to each other, which in bend create more capacity. While purchasing the ticket, the rider pays merely for the place on a LCC, all the other services on board come at a monetary value. There are even a few short distance flights in Europe by RYANAIR another LCC that charges the riders for utilizing the lavatory on board. All the low cost bearers in general make their mark audience the leisure traveler and non concern riders. Another normally used scheme is differential pricing, seats are about ever sold on a first semen, foremost function footing and as the no of seats on peculiar paths keep make fulling up the monetary values automatically starts traveling upwards. Another of import facet of the low cost air hose industry is its heavy dependance on advertizements and public dealingss. In Europe, there was enormous promotion from the media for RYANAIRS proclamation that its seats cost every bit small as 1 penny, a similar scene was noticed in India at the clip when LCC were come ining into the market, tickets were so offered sans revenue enhancement at Rs. 1 500. An of import characteristic that allows for such low pricing is COST CUTTING. This is where LCC excel. Several different LCC air hoses have developed clever and advanced methods of cost film editing. Some of them are briefly explained below. Single theoretical account of aircraft: Though this may at first seem undistinguished, over clip the cost salvaging due to this move is enormous. The usage of a individual theoretical account of aircraft drastically reduces care costs. The demand for extremely qualified applied scientists who are up to day of the month in the latest types of air hose engineering ( which in bend means higher employee wage bundles ) is besides non mandatory. To farther increase the benefits, these aircrafts are either bought or leashed in majority volumes. Operate from secondary airdromes: This is a common phenomenon for LCC around the universe. The low cost bearers normally land and take off from secondary airdromes that are near to metropoliss. This greatly reduces the charges that they need to pay to the airdrome governments every bit good as well cut downing turnaround times at the airdromes. This besides means they do non necessitate to wait nightlong at foreign finish, taking in bend to overtime wage to their employees. Point to Indicate Model: Most LCC air hoses operate on a point to indicate theoretical account this is said to greatly better aircraft use every bit good as cut down waiting times. Besides it besides negates the demand to pay dues to multiple airdromes. Single Class Configurations: Most LCC air hoses merely have a individual category of service ( Economy ) . They do non concentrate on the concern category as it is non frequently that they are traveling to be serving concern travelers, besides this besides greatly reduces the demand for a larger crew on board. Even in malice of this alteration, the low cost bearers employ a far smaller crew when compared to regular aircrafts. No inflight services and Ancillary Grosss: This is another of import facet of their concern theoretical account ; it besides defines the Low cost bearer concern theoretical account. There are none of the on board services like free food/water/snacks as on regular flights. Almost every service on board demands to be paid for and bought. This besides in bend turns out to be a great beginning of accessory gross. All nutrient and services sold on board are a beginning of gross. Use of a Less Senior Crew: The usage of a less senior crew greatly reduces cost of operations as experient pilots and pursers command unbelievable wage bundles. They do non travel over a certain bound when it comes to employee wage bundles so when pilots gain more experience they constantly leave and move to greener grazing lands. Use of E-Ticketing: Another notably Omni-present characteristic across LCC around the universe is the on-line ticketing theoretical account. It is by and large considered that the costs associated with purchasing a ticket at a physical counter costs around 4.5 $ where as an e-ticket purchased on-line merely costs 1.5 $ . This once more created room for the LCC to cut down costs. Distribution costs, on norm, can account for every bit much as 17 % of an air hose s entire operating costs ( Alamdari A ; Fagan, 2005, p. 383 ) . Fuel Price: Another of import cost cutting scheme of Low cost bearer s universe over is to purchase fuel in big measures when the monetary values are low thereby ensuing in important nest eggs as and when the monetary values fluctuate. This is done by an experient individual who can read the fuel monetary value index and gauge how it will travel over the following few yearss. Even little addition of lessening in fuel monetary values could intend 1000000s of dollars in nest eggs or loss. Given below is a concern theoretical account that is employed at EasyJet a LCC holding operations in Europe. From the above diagram it is clear how concern theoretical accounts are designed in the Low Cost Carrier concern and what are their precedences. Criticism Some of the pricing policies of low cost bearers have come under heavy unfavorable judgment by different authorities bureaus and other regulators. These low cost bearers frequently show zero flight charges in their adverts, which really is the monetary value without including the revenue enhancement or airdrome fees, this is in many instances misdirecting to the terminal consumers who are in the terminal forced to pay a whole burden of accessory fees which absurd as it may sound includes Credit card use fees, airport check-in fees, luggage check-in fees and so on and so forth. CURRENT Tendency The benchmark concern theoretical account for all LCC around the universe since clip immemorial has been the theoretical account ab initio employed by South West Airlines. Over the old ages as the market moved from one that is really thinly populated to one that offers so much pick and assortment, a batch of the schemes employed ab initio became disused or unviable. Therefore different bearers around the universe had to do alterations and alterations in order to better accommodate their concern theoretical account to the environment that they operated in. The footing of the operation remained the same in consequence offering a lower cost option to the bequest bearers but as the competition heated up it became of paramount importance to distinguish the service offerings of the different low cost bearers in order to command a more loyal client base. As a consequence of this, some of the alterations that were implemented would be the offering of complimentary services and frequent cir cular plans. This ensured that these peculiar air hoses enjoyed grosss above the industry norm. Given below is a snapshot of how the Indian air power was segmented over the last decennary, the domination of the LCC concern in India is more apparent than of all time. The Indian air hose industry that was dominated by regular FSC s a decennary ago, was foremost shaken with the entry of Air Deccan, a LCC into the Indian market. Its enormous success led to multiple participants rapidly come ining the market. The market shortly became dominated by Low Cost Airlines. The Indian air power industry has over the past several old ages been witness to several headwinds, some of them being, industry broad over capacity taking to pricing power decreases, high oil monetary values and the demand growing staying subdued and so on. All these tendencies have made the industry debt ridden and in critical demand for an equity extract. The last few old ages have been particularly difficult on the industry, the really crisp rise in oil monetary values and the sudden bead in riders going by air due to the economic lag hit the industry hard. There was some respite during 2010-2011 on the dorsum of some subject enforced by the industry every bit good as some addition in rider air traffic. But this was shortly followed by more economic convulsion and fluctuating oil monetary values this once more led to drop in the industry gross returns. The Indian market is non precisely the most investor friendly, foreign direct investings are non allowed and even internally non more than a 49 % interest can be acquired. This coupled with the fact that most foreign companies enjoy a ample portion of the Indian net incomes thanks to code sharing understandings with Indian companies have made it really hard for the fighting Indian comp anies to acquire any extract of much needed equity. The issue of Kingfisher from the LCC market every bit good as the cancellation of its licence brings up a really important inquiry that needs to be answered, How feasible are the LCC in the long term? Another of import factor is the really low incursion of the air hose industry in India. It is presently lower than China where people on an mean brand merely 0.2 trips every twelvemonth. In blunt contrast, a individual in the United States makes 2 trips every twelvemonth by air what this means for the Indian air power industry is a enormous growing potency. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodological analysis is to consistently work out the research job. It may be understood as scientific discipline of survey, how research is done scientifically.A The methods adopted in roll uping the information analysis and reading of informations. Type OF PROJECT Research design is the basic frame work which provides guidelines for whole research methodological analysis. Research can be classified into ; Descriptive vs. Analytical Applied V. Cardinal Quantitative vs. Qualitative Conceptual vs. Empirical The pick of research design depends on the deepness and extent of informations required the cost and benefits of the research the urgency of the work and clip available for finishing it. For this survey, we would be utilizing as qualitative method of analysis with some inputs from assorted other types of Research like descriptive and so on. Due to the deficiency of clip it was non possible to carry on an in deepness study sing this issue. But the returns from an interview with a senior director working at the Airport have been included into the survey. Most of the informations presented in this undertaking is based off secondary informations ; it is a reasonably good established industry at least around the universe and a quickly turning industry in India. There was non much range for explorative Research and because of this I have taken up the undertaking of analyzing the current scenario in the low cost bearer concern in India and analyzing how and why some companies perform the manner that they do. The grosss of the different low cost bearers, FDI in the air hose industry, why did Kingfisher clang out are all some of the analysis that would be done based on the secondary informations collected. DATA ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION A batch of literature aggregation has been done, and based on this several new larning s sing the low cost bearer concern have been acquired. Armed with this information from here on in the undertaking will try to dissect and analyze the Low cost bearer industry in India, the major participants, their strengths and failings every bit good as the rise and autumn of KINGFISHER air hoses. This is a snap shooting of the Indian Airlines industry in 2003. As it is clearly seeable there are merely a few participants and the regular bequest air hoses account for more than 90 % of the market portion. This was besides the clip when LCC were doing their initial raid into the Indian market. As it is seen from the 1 % market portion held by Air Deccan the first LCC in the Indian market. Once the initial measure was done there was no halting the low cost bearers they entered into the market easy, one by one boulder clay they held a king of beasts s portion of the Indian air hose industry. Above is a snapshot of the same industry in 2009. It is obvious from the current market portion analysis that the LCC have made inroads into the Indian market and have started capturing the bigger piece of the pie. At this point of clip, the low cost bearers accounted for 40 % of the market portion in India. The high terminal Luxury airliner Kingfisher besides took a immense portion of the market from the bequest airliners in India thanks to their vision of presenting Indians to the art of winging in Luxury. This was besides the clip of consolidation ; several of the little participants in the market were being usurped by the larger participants ( KINGFISHER took over AIR DECCAN ) taking to industry broad alterations. This was besides the clip of recession where in several of the taking air hoses were describing really high losingss due to the broad fluctuations in the cost of fuel. There was besides a crisp diminution in the YoY growing of air riders in India, with the economic cr isis a batch of people were non taking to go by air and this combined with the fuel monetary value hiking spelt day of reckoning for the grosss of the Indian air hose industry. This is a snapshot of the Indian air power industry ( rider ) in 2012. As you can see there are several drastic alterations to the dissolution from the 2009 theoretical account, most noteworthy being the flooring diminution of Kingfisher. Despite this the Low cost bearer section has like an expert moved in to capture a larger portion of the Indian market now accounting for about 75 % of the Indian market. The ground for this non being obvious from the pie diagram is because the portions of Air India and Jet Airways include their several LCC services. The Indian GDP is said to hold grown by 5.3 % in the last one-fourth of 2012, this is said to be the worst public presentation of the economic system in the last 9 months. Several grounds can be attributed to this, high rising prices, high involvement rates and policy palsy from the authoritiess side. FY 2012 was a good twelvemonth in footings of rider traffic every bit far as the Indian air power industry was considered but in footings of profitableness there was a immense bead. Harmonizing to a statistic, the loss for the full industry in FY 2012 was 2 billion US $ whereas it was merely 4 billion US $ for the period FY 2008 2011. Harmonizing to informations published by CAPA ( Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation ) the full debt for the Indian air hoses industry is presently pegged at around 15 Billion US $ . LCC witnessed a steady growing while Kingfisher witnessed steady eroding. IndiGo moved to the 2nd topographic point in the domestic market and Spice Jet moved into 3rd topographi c point. It is interesting to observe that in a twelvemonth where companies fell in the air power sector, IndiGo managed to book net incomes. This is thanks to the fact that despite all the day of reckoning and somberness, they managed to take top honours in multiple classs such as employee per aircraft, on clip public presentation, flight and rider cancellation informations every bit good as the rider burden factor. Air India ( USD280-320 million loss ) Go Air: ( USD2.5-2.8 million loss ) Anil: ( Breakeven-5.7 million loss ) Jet Air passages: ( USD45-60 million loss ) Kingfisher: ( USD110-130 million loss ) Spice Jet: ( USD25-28 million loss ) This was a expression at the losingss at the terminal of the 2nd one-fourth of 2012. There was ever a robust growing in the Q3 of every fiscal twelvemonth because of the gay season and IndiGo has managed to turn it about in this period. Air India USD189-226 million loss Go Air: USD7.5-9.4 million net income Anil: USD47-57 million net income Jet Air passages: USD38-47 million net income Spice Jet: USD25-28 million net income Kingfisher does non do it to the list as the licence for them has been cancelled effectual October 2012. What did Kingfisher make that led to their meteorologic autumn from grace? For starting motors, Kingfishers sufferings started with the fatal determination to take over Air Deccan which was one of the Prime Minister low cost bearers in the state. The job was that their concern theoretical accounts could nt be more different. Kingfisher worked in the luxury section, with focal point on the higher subdivision of society where as Air Deccan catered to the cost witting traveler. The paradigm displacement in the idea procedure that was required to attach to this amalgamation of two wholly different companies was non wholly brought frontward by Kingfisher when they introduced Kingfisher RED their low cost bearer. There was ever no lucidity and clear discriminator between the concern schemes for these two contrasting services. Kingfishers BUSINESS MODEL vs. INDIGO s BUSINESS MODEL There are several ground why Kingfisher failed whereas IndiGo continues to bloom as one of the fastest turning low cost bearers in the universe in malice of the fact that they were both low cost bearers. The difference lies in the blunt contrast of their concern theoretical accounts. The last two old ages have been a existent catastrophe when it comes to the Indian air hoses industry and that is chiefly attributed to the steep rise in rough oil monetary values. It fluctuated from around 88 $ per barrel to 115 $ per barrel that is a rise of around 25 % . This was further non helped by the steady depreciation of the rupee against the dollar. It is interesting to observe that more than 70 % of an Indian air hose s payments need to be made in dollars and therefore their fiscal jobs were exacerbated by these jobs. During this period, Kingfisher incurred losingss deserving Rs. 732 crore and Jet Airways incurred losingss in surplus of Rs. 836 crore. Now the inquiry arises if that was the instance so why is it that Kingfisher is now out of concern while Jet airways continues to rule the industry in footings of market portion. The reply is reasonably simple really, foremost ; there is one of import factor that needs to be considered while we are discoursing Kingfisher. Ev er since its origin in 2005 as one of the Prime Minister bearers in the state, Kingfisher has neer one time reported a twelvemonth with net incomes. Kingfisher s fiscal record stands in blunt contrast to its service record ; it is one of merely 7 bearers in the universe to hold a 5 star evaluation from Skytrax, an UK based air power consultancy house. In the terminal I think it is safe to state that Kingfisher was a victim of its ain Business theoretical account which chiefly focussed on the upper echelons of society, it was exactly this sector of society that was severely hit by the recession of 2008 2009 and it neer recovered. A in depth reappraisal of the false beliefs of Kingfisher under Mr Vijay Mallya, make it really clear why Kingfisher is where it is now. Kingfisher began its services in India as a full service air bearer offering a individual category constellation. But even before they had settled down with that theoretical account and get down booking net incomes they got back to the pulling board and began puttering with the theoretical account. Now they all of a sudden had shifted their focal point to the luxury section. The theoretical account was along the lines of the prime luxury air bearers around the universe, decidedly non something that was cut out for the sensitive Indian market. As explained already they even managed to bad a 5 star evaluation from a celebrated air service consultancy for on board services. It was around this clip that Kingfisher started chew overing a coup detat of Air Deccan, which was at the clip one of the Prime Minister low cost air bearers in the state. Any premi er expert in air power would hold advised against this amalgamation at that point of clip particularly because the concern theoretical accounts of both these air hoses were every bit different as chalk and cheese. But against all odds, Mr Mallya went in front and bought Air Deccan based on his intestine feeling. This amalgamation opened rather a few doors for KFA. It allowed KFA to run in a new sector the LCC section as Kingfisher RED. The amalgamation with Air Deccan besides meant Mr Mallya had a batch more jets ( around 70 ) in the sky under his control, besides this the geting of Air Deccan besides meant KFA had more than 5 old ages of air power experience and therefore could now provide to international finishs. This led to a new concern theoretical account, which catered to 3 sections, Kingfisher First, Kingfisher Premium and Kingfisher Red. 2008 2009 despite the recession being at its extremum got a few awards to Mr Mallya owing to the increased market portion that KFA now en joyed. Despite this KFA neer did one time post any net incomes, and with recession at its extremum Mr Mallya was forced to close down Kingfisher Red because every bit is ever the instance in the Indian sub-continent where there are two services from the same trade name and one service is cheaper than the other people flock to the cheaper option. To add fuel to the pyre, KFA which was a nascent service supplier was keeping more than 5 different theoretical accounts of Jets all this besides led to high over caputs. At some point along the manner for KFA, the no show with regard to net incomes, erroneous amalgamation and acquisitions, the planetary fiscal crisis and an unstable concern theoretical account: all roads led to one finish, A large clang and that is precisely what happened with KFA. Defaults with employee wages, non-payment of dues and other hard currency flow issues all led to the inevitable, Employee work stoppages, flight cancellations and finally the cancellation of th eir licence to wing. IndiGo Airlines Kingfisher Airlines IndiGo had a really clear concern theoretical account in head. ( A no-nonsense 1 at that ) Single category config. No frills, speedy turnaround times. One of the premier grounds for KFA s death would be the deficiency of a clear concern theoretical account ; KFA frequently changed their concern theoretical account. To exceed it off the concern theoretical accounts were all unsighted versions of successful international air hoses. There was no localisation or version of the theoretical account in line with the part where they operated. They did non purchase aircrafts but leashed most of their jets. They marketed promptness as their USP which is mark of a robust concern theoretical account. KFA ab initio bought most of their aircrafts, to do affa

Anxiety and anti-anxiety drugs

Anxiety and anti-anxiety drugs In order to understand what exactly anti-anxiety drugs are, and their uses, we need to know what is anxiety and anxiety disorders are. Anxiety includes in a normal human emotion that everyone experiences at times in their life. The word anxiety is a ‘Latin’ word. People when face a problem like before taking a test, or making an important decision, they show anxiety or nervousness. It is a normal reaction against stressful conditions. Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling of dread, which does not control easily. People experience anxiety in three ways: 1. generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) 2. panic attacks 3. phobias GAD: People with GAD show worrying, nervousness and tension. This is towards any particular situation but is connected to your whole life. Panic attacks: These are the extreme attacks of anxiety that comes in an unpredictable way and last for 10minutes.people going through these attacks having difficulty in breathing and behave in an uncontrolled way. Phobias: These are the feeling of fear towards a current particular situation or thing. Although the situation or that thing is not dangerous to them but they behave so anxiously and nervously about that. It may include social phobia-fear to go on social events or to meet people, animal phobia-fear from animals etc. There is difference between anxiety and fear. They are actually are two common and a different phenomenon that are misunderstood as same thing. Fear is a feeling of uneasiness and being threaten on current situation, but on the other hand Anxiety leads towards feeling of threat, intense nervousness, and uneasiness for future situations. Anxiety and fear are not always harmful but in some situations they are quite healthy, beneficial and necessary for our survival. Anxiety disorder is different. They can cause such distress that it interferes with a person’s ability to lead a normal life. An anxiety disorder is a serious mental illness. For people with anxiety disorders, worry and fear are constant and overwhelming, and can be crippling. Anxiety disorders can be defined as, ‘Constant feeling of threat for future events when there is no need to feel threaten that ultimately make you unable and incapable for normal functioning.’ Severe anxiety that lasts up to six months is considered as abnormality and thus categorized as Anxiety disorder. Anxiety becomes a disorder when the symptoms become chronic and interfere with our daily lives and our ability to function. The reason behind this could be the family history of that person or gene or it could be certain trauma from which that person is suffering. For e.g., it is seen in many people with depression have panic attacks at some point. Some people who are anxious have Obsessive Compulsive Disorder OCD. Anxiety is not always distressful but it can help you stay alert and focused, spur you to action, and motivate you to solve problems. But when anxiety is constant or overwhelming, when it interferes with your relationships and activities, it stops being functional’that’s when you’ve crossed the line from normal, productive anxiety into the territory of anxiety disorders. In addition, studies have shown that anxiety disorders run in families, which means that they can at least partly be inherited from one or both parents, like the risk for heart disease or cancer. Moreover, certain environmental factors such as a trauma or significant event may trigger an anxiety disorder in people who have an inherited susceptibility to developing the disorder. ANTI ANXIETY DRUGS: Anti-anxiety drugs are the set of medications that are made to treat anxiety disorder and relieve the patient from the feelings of tension, nervousness and discomfort by regulating heart rate and normalize breathing. When a person is suffering from anxiety disorder, Anti-anxiety drugs are recommended, but these drugs should be taken under the administration of doctor, because they have serious side effects which cannot be ignored. If symptoms of an anxiety disorder are present, the doctor will begin an evaluation by asking you questions about your medical history and performing a physical exam. Although there are no lab tests to specifically diagnose anxiety disorders, the doctor may use various tests to look for physical illness as the cause of the symptoms. If no physical illness is found, you may be referred to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or another mental health professional that is specially trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. Psychiatrists and psychologists use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for an anxiety disorder. Anti-Anxiety Drugs include: – Benzodiazepines (BZDs): diazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Oxazepam, Lorazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam, Flurazepam. – Azapirones: Buspione, Gepirone, Ispapirone. – Sedative: Hydroxyzine. – Barbiturates: Amobarbital, Pentobarbital, Phenobarbital, Thiopental. – Beta blocker: Propranolol. – Antidepressants. These medicines are helpful in reducing the symptoms of anxiety disorders include anti-depressants and anxiety-reducing drugs. Like, In panic attacks: it helps in to enhance the patient motivation and accelerate progress toward facing panic and all of its repercussions. Those drugs which are helpful in these area must be helpful in one of the two stages of panic. The first stage is anticipatory anxiety: all the uncomfortable physical symptoms and negative thoughts that rise up as you anticipate facing panic. The second stage is the symptoms of the panic attack itself. In general anxiety: medications help reduce some of the symptoms of anxiety. In phobias: medications can help to reduce the tensions associated with entering the fearful situation. Certain therapies are also used to treat anxiety disorder like: Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy (a type of counseling) addresses the emotional response to mental illness. It is a process in which trained mental health professionals help people by talking through strategies for understanding and dealing with their disorder. Cognitive-behavioral therapy: This is a particular type of psychotherapy in which the person learns to recognize and change thought patterns and behaviors that lead to troublesome feelings. Dietary and lifestyle changes And Relaxation therapy. †¦

GENDER AND JIM CROW Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Essay

GENDER AND JIM CROW Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 18961920 - Essay Example The book revisits the history of oppression of blacks by white supremacy in the nineteenth century in the state of North Carolina and in the process makes many startling revelation hitherto either ignored or suppressed. Her theses is the emissarial role of contemporary African American women during 1896-1920 when their husbands, fathers ,brother and sons had been denied of surfage, in bringing out African American men and women to the main stream politics in North Carolina hitherto denied due to machinations of American white men. Gilmore reminisces as a young white North Carolinian girl her varied experiences and steps into the shoes of few African American women who had acted as ambassadors to their white male American counterparts by coming to the mainstream though not directly in politics but through academics, social organizations and other charitable institutions. The book which showed Gilmore as the historian in the making also was the precursor to her stream of further works on African Americans endless saga in the U.S. even today. It was by a chance discovery of discrete participation of African American women who were wives of the church leaders, or themselves teachers, college professors in finding a solution to overcome the supremacy of whites over blacks in North Carolina that prompted her to write this dissertation as conferred by her in the introduction pages of the book. I initially encountered this group of black middle-class women while investigating the 1920 election in North Carolina, the first in which women voted..That investigation of women's political culture soon doubled back on itself as I realized that gender and race were no less intertwined in men's politics than they were in women's.( Gilmore, 1996 p xvi) Kennedy in his review of the book says that Glenda Gilmore has re-examined the early period of Jim Crow and made known the to the world the efforts of middle-class African American women like Sarah Dudley Petty to bring about change in their social status by improving their standard of living, identifying opportunities for the both blacks and whites and most importantly changing the attitude of white toward the blacks in North Carolina. How the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) enabled the African American women of North Carolina to forge an interracial harmony and build strong communities is a case in point cited by him. The WCTU became a base for facilitating equality between whites and blacks in North Carolina. Thus when black men could finally vote, it was the white women who welcomed encouraged the activism of black women too. (Kennedy 2004) Judy(1997) whose grand father William J. Trent, finds a mention in Gilmore's book among so many others, writes how he must have felt having lost right to vote in 1900 in spite of going to college, learning languages like Latin. She is sure her grand mother Maggie Tate Trent must have also contributed a lot by joining the Salisbury Colored women's Civic League that toiled hard for getting African American women also secure voting rights. She agrees with Gilmore that down turn in the economy at that time that forced white men to compete with black men by bringing about repression of blacks and their disenfranchisement in 1900 and that it the was learned black women who became ambassadors of black community in North Carolina

Management of a Family Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Management of a Family Business - Essay Example A family business can be described as the kind of commercial organisations where the decision-making process is often influenced by several generations of a group of people that are united by marriage or blood. In many instances, these people are often identified by the particular business through ownership or the process of leadership. It is important to realize that businesses that are characterized by an effective relationship between the owner and manager cannot fall into this category of businesses because of lack of the element of marriage or blood relationship. For this reason, family businesses are those that have a unique relationship of the leaders and managers of the particular business. In the recent, studies on the growth and operations of family-run businesses have been increasing; however, DeRond &Bouchikhi, explains that this is not always easy as compared to those businesses that do not have such kinds of mutual relationships. According to Deresky, one of the reasons that makes the study of these businesses something quite hard depends on the fact that these businesses do not always have proper standards of business management like other businesses. On many occasions, it is the high level of trust among the managers and other leaders that drives the growth and success of these businesses. These businesses tend to lack many of the requirements for effective financial reporting; additionally, very little information is often given to the public about these businesses regarding their financial performance as well as other important aspects

Why Did the South Secede In 1860? :: American America History

Why Did the South Secede In 1860? The seeds of secession had been sown early in American history; quite literally with the fundamental differences in agriculture and resultant adoption of slavery in the South. From early days, the thirteen states had grown up separately, and each had their own culture and beliefs, which were often incompatible with those held in other states. The geographical and cultural differences between north and south would manifest themselves at regular and alarming intervals throughout the hundred years following the drafting of the constitution. Tension reached a peak during the 1850s, over the right to hold slaves in new territories. The Wilmot Proviso of 1846, roused bitter hostilities, and vehement debate turned to physical violence during the period of 'Bleeding Kansas'. The election of Lincoln, who the South perceived to be an abolitionist, in 1860 was the final straw, and the secession of seven Southern states followed soon after. Geographically, North and South were very different places. The pastures of New England were similar to those found in England, suitable for a variety of uses. Hot Southern prairie lands were perfect for cotton growing, a lucrative business at this time. Following the invention of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin, the South became increasingly dependent on this crop, and an entire society grew out of it. The society was one of wealthy planters, who led a life similar to the landed gentry of England, controlling politics and society of the day. In the fields laboured Negro slaves, usually only a handful per plantation, though larger farms were occasionally seen. In addition, there lived poor whites, tenant farmers or smallholders, who eked out a living from the land. This contrasted sharply with Northern society, where industrialisation flourished, creating wealthy entrepreneurs and employing cheap immigrant labour. Given the localised nature of media, and difficulties of transport two cultur es grew up in the same nation, remarkably different and often suspicious of one another. Crisis struck in 1820, when the North/South balance in the Senate was threatened by the application of Missouri to join the Union as a slave state. Southerners, aware of their numerical inferiority in the House of Representatives, were keen to maintain their political sway, in the Senate. The North feared that if Southerners were to take control of the Senate, political deadlock would ensue. Compromise was found in 1820 when Maine applied to join as a free state, maintaining the balance.

Humanistic Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda

Swami Vivekananda was a savant and philosopher of the highest order. The Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda is a gospel of humanism, for man is the central pillar of his life and teachings. Man, manliness, man-making these were the constant mantra on his lips. It sprang forth authentically from his own realization of the Divine that existed in himself and all. He therefore raised the dignity, and worth of man to the pinnacle of divine excellence. He exemplified man in his universal dimension which expressed itself in a concern for him everywhere and in every field of his life. It made him the exponent of humanism as much deep as significant in illuminating the whole of mankind from time to eternity. Swami Ranganthananda opines about Swami Vivekananda as: â€Å"What was unique about him as a spiritual teacher of mankind, however, was his deep interest in man and his untiring work for total human development and fulfillment everywhere. And this interest and work, we should not fail to note, was not just religious in the narrow sense of that word – just helping men and women to secure the salvation of their souls, as all other spiritual teachers have done – but covered all aspects of human life, as much economic and social as moral and religious. In fact, this all-round human interest formed the central theme of Swami Vivekananda’s life and work. † Romain Rolland speaks about Swami Vivekananda’s humanistic philosophy of man, as he exemplified man in his universal aspect, and not in the narrow racial, national, or sectarian aspects. That universal dimension expressed itself in a deep concern for man everywhere and in every field of his life; it made them the exponents and exemplars of humanism, as much deep as wide, as much intellectually stimulating as spiritually inspiring. What is humanism? The term ‘humanism’ is derived from the Latin word ‘humanitas’ implying ontological individualism and the quest for the perfection of the human spirit through the consummation of man’s inherent potentialities is subjectivist and optimistic in its orientation. Humanism is thus an approach n study, or the practice that focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human efforts. Humanism is not a creed or code but the fullness of a qualitative development of the emotional and cogitative potencies of the empirical human, Jiva that is the object of quest of the humanist. In the words of the Buddhist Tripitakas it can be said that ‘liberality, courtesy, benevolence, u nselfishness under all circumstances’ and ‘concord of fraternity’ mark the life of the humanist. Swami Vivekananda’s Humanistic Philosophy Swami Vivekananda assimilated and modified the philosophical ideas of the Vedanta, adapting them to the conditions of the new life. In contrast to the materialistic view of man, Vivekananda's humanistic philosophy possesses many features of active humanism and in his fervent desire to elevate man he put forward the idea that the highest divine substance Brahman is personified in millions. â€Å"†¦ the ideal of Vedanta is to know man as he really is, and this is its message, that if you cannot worship your brother man, the manifested God, how can you worship a God who is unmanifested? The uniqueness of Vivekananda was to reinterpret this philosophy of man that is at once creative and synthetic and uses it for achieving highest human excellence. Swami Vivekananda viewed man as a multi-leveled being, a composite of physical, mental, emotional, intellectual and spiritual faculties. Swami Vivekananda clearly showed in his exposition of four yogas that the various faculties of man ha ve to be harnessed for one’s spiritual growth. Swami Vivekananda is of the opinion that when man is able to integrate all of the faculties, he attains the manhood in entirety. He advises the youth to have a strong body. â€Å"You will understand the Gita better with your biceps, your muscles, a little stronger. You will understand the mighty genius and the mighty strength of Krishna better with a little of strong blood in you. You will understand the Upanishads better and the glory of the Atman when your body stands firm upon your feet, and you feel yourselves as men. Thus we have to apply these to our needs. † â€Å"Makes your nerves strong, what we want is the muscles of iron and nerves of steel. †¦ Stand on your own feet and be men. The faculty of reason should be cultivated to harness the full potential of being human. Swami Vivekananda says: â€Å"Why was reason given us if we have to believe? Is it not tremendously blasphemous to believe against reason? What right have we not to use the greatest gift that God has given to us? I am sure God will pardon a man who will use his reason and cannot believe, rather than a man who believes blind ly instead of using the faculties He has given him. † Swami Vivekananda feels that, religion is not a separate pursuit divorced from the humdrum of life. On the other hand, it envelops the whole life. The way man looks at himself, his conception of his own nature, governs all his other concepts. The value of the reorientation of man's view of himself extends from value to the individual in the development of his character to the humanity as a whole. This reorientation of man's view of himself results in a new kind of holistic awareness where the so-called distinction between the religious and secular vanishes. Referring to this approach Sister Nivedita in her Introduction to the Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda says: â€Å"†¦.. No distinction henceforth between sacred and secular. To labour is to pray. To conquer is to renounce. Life is itself religion. To have and to hold is as stern a trust as to quit and to avoid. This is the realisation which makes Vivekananda the great preacher of Karma, not as divorced from, but as expressing Jnana and Bhakti. To him, the workshop, the study, the farmyard and the field are as true and fit scenes for the meeting of God with man as the cell of the monk or the door of the temple. † She continues, â€Å"All his (Swami Vivekananda) words, from one point of view, read as a commentary upon this central conviction. Art, science, and religion†, he said once, â€Å"are but three different ways of expressing a single truth. But in order to understand this we must have the theory of Advaita. † There is a faith in the greatness of man as expressed through his different socio-cultural activities in this material world. He strongly feels that, it is a greatest sin to call the human being is a sinner. He is potential ly divine. But there are unlimited creative possibilities in man, beyond this limited humanistic analysis. For this Vivekananda explains this creativity as the potential infiniteness or divinity in man as spiritual man. This idea of man does not merely explain the material or individual existence of man with the material development of life. On the other hand, it synthesizes the material and the spiritual dimension of man and thus evaluates the material or individual, collective or social and spiritual or transcendental values of life with their expressions in harmonious forms and manners. In order to explain the infinite potency of man, Vivekananda points out: â€Å"Do you know how much energy, how many powers, how many forces, are still lurking behind that frame of yours? What scientist has known all that is in man? Millions of years have passed since man first came here, and yet but one infinitesimal part of his powers has been manifested. Therefore you must not say that you are weak. How do you know that possibilities lie behind that degradation on the surface? You know but little of that which is within you. For behind you is the ocean of infinite power and blessedness. † In this way Vivekananda pleads for the spiritual Man, expressing the creative multi-natured divinity as the ‘ocean of infinite power and blessedness. Man, in the observation of Vivekananda, has an unlimited fund of energy which is not fully exhausted in fulfilling his limited material or biological demands. The unlimited energy in man, expressed through different creative states of existence, develop his infinite personality as the manifestation of his potential perfection as the sense of unity. Thus in the background of the evaluation of the ideas of man and humanism in the form of spiritual humanism advanced by Swami Vivekananda, we get a synthetic view of ‘multidimensional man' in the spiritual process of developing individuality and universality. Such a synthetic view will facilitate an advancement of Unity in different states of existence in different degrees. His profound spirituality, the scintillating brilliance of his intellect and the presence of his personality invested in him with a magic fascination which none could ignore our resist. Here was a man who spoke inspiring words to the masses like Messiah who has come to save their lives from darkness and misery. Here was one who spoke for ancient learning in highest praise, but at the same time urged that we throw off the shackles of convention. He was of the traditional and revolutionary, whose mission was not only reawakening the people to a consciousness of their great heritage but also to make them know man who could make a new India. â€Å"I consider that the great national sin is the neglect of the masses, and that is one of the causes of our downfall. No amount of politics would be of any avail until the masses in India are once more well educated, well fed, and well cared for. They pay for our education, they build our temples, but in return they get kicks. They are practically our slaves. Through his doctrine of the potential divinity of all beings, Swami Vivekananda sought to bring about a radical transformation in the society. To quote Nivedita again, ‘His prime concern was vindication of Humanity, never abandoned, never weakened, always rising to new heights of defence of the undefended, of the chivalry of the weak'. Swami Vivekananda advises that let the people be your God. Think of them, work for them, p ray for their well being. His definition about great soul is â€Å"Him I call a mahatman whose heart bleeds for the poor, otherwise he is duratman. Swami Vivekananda gave a new responsibility to the institution of monasticism by exhorting sannyasins to come out from the caves and work for betterment of the humanity. ‘Shivajnane Jivaseva’ – based on this aphorism he asked monks to work for the welfare of others. The present open education system was dreamt by Swami Vivekananda a century ago. He advised the sannyasins to go to every village to impart education for every individual irrespective of their castes, creed, sex with the help of cameras, maps, globes and such other accessories. He asked to give education, and instill faith in individual by that masses can gain their lost individuality and dignity of human labour. Once a young disciple asked Swami Vivekananda, how can we raise India again? He answers emphatically that, â€Å"Your duty at present is to go from one part of the country to another, from village to village, and make the people understand that mere sitting idly won't do any more. Make them understand their real condition and say, â€Å"O ye brothers, arise! Awake! How much longer would you remain asleep! Go and advise them how to improve their own condition, and make them comprehend the sublime truths of the Shastras (scriptures), by presenting them in a lucid and popular way. †¦ Also instruct them, in simple words, about the necessities of life, and in trade, commerce, agriculture, etc. If you cannot do this, then fie upon your education and culture, and fie upon your studying the Vedas and Vedanta! † Swami Vivekanand’s heart bled for the poor masses. â€Å"For centuries people have been taught theories of degradation. They have been told that they are nothing. The masses have been told all over the world that they are not human beings. They have been so frightened for centuries, till they have nearly become animals. Never were they allowed to hear of the Atman. Let them hear of the Atman–that even the lowest of the low have the Atman within, which never dies and never is born–of Him whom the sword cannot pierce, nor the fire burn, nor the air dry–immortal, without beginning or end, the all-pure, omnipotent, and omnipresent Atman! † In his lion-like roar he enthused men to follow the practical humanism and not to be satisfied with a weak sentimental approach to it. His fiery words to feel for the suffering masses are as forceful even now as when they come out of his mouth. â€Å"Do you feel? Do you feel that millions and millions of the descendants of gods and of sages have become next-door neighbors to brutes? Do you feel that millions are starving today, and millions have been starving for ages? Do you feel that ignorance has come over the land as a dark cloud? Does it make you restless? Does it make you sleepless? Has it gone into your blood, coursing through your veins, becoming consonant with your heartbeats? Has it made you almost mad? Are you seized with that one idea of the misery of ruin, and have you forgotten all about your name, your fame, your wives, your children, your property, even your own bodies? Have you done that? That is the first step to become a patriot, the very first step. † Swami Vivekananda’s concern about the Indian mass is phenomenal. The poor and illiterate form the bulk of Indian population. But they are being treated worse than animals for the last thousand years or so. According to Swamiji, the cause of degradation of India lies in depriving Indian masses of their basic rights of livelihood and education. He says, â€Å"Remember that our nation lives in the cottage. But alas! Nobody ever did anything to them†¦ The fate of nation†¦ depends upon the condition of the masses. Can you raise them? Can you give back to them their lost individuality? †¦ This is to be done and we will do it. † As such, his approach to social and political problems of India was facing at that time is totally humanistic in nature. He says that awakening of the masses by giving them proper education is the only panacea for all the ills India is facing now. In this regard he says, â€Å"All the wealth of the world cannot help one little Indian village if the people are not taught to help themselves. Our work should be mainly educational, both moral and intellectual†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Conclusion Swami Vivekananda says, â€Å"†¦ I may be born again and again, and suffer thousands of miseries so that I may worship the only God that exists, the only God I believe in, the sum total of all souls-and above all, my God the wicked, my guard the miserable, my guard the pool of all races, of all species, is the special object of my worship. Sister Nivedita testifies to Swami Vivekananda's love for man: â€Å"No institution, no environment, stood between him and any human heart. His confidence in that Divine-within-Man of which he talked, was as Perfect, and his appeal as direct, when he talked with the imperialist aristocrat or the American millionaire, as with the exploited and oppressed. But the outflow of his love and courtesy were always fo r the simple. Swami Vivekananda’s humanism is based on spiritual illumination, which he got through Vedantic means. As Vedanta stands for truth and eternity, with its focus on concept of divinity of man, the humanistic philosophy envisioned by Swami Vivekananda is centred on eternal principles of life. Here we find no conflict but perfect harmony between the religious and the secular, between the mundane and the transcendent and also between the individual and the collective. What the world wants now is not friction and fight but accommodation and acceptance. This should be the goal of any kind of humanism. Vedantic humanism lived and taught by Swami Vivekananda is a perfect archetype of this.

Existentialism Existentialism And Existentialism

Journal 3 - Existentialism Existentialism is something that everybody thinks of sometimes in their life. Maybe they thought about it while on the toilet, or when they just achieved something they worked really hard at, or they thought about it while lying in bed at 3 am when they couldn’t sleep. Existentialism is based off of the questions â€Å"What is my purpose?† and â€Å"Why am I here?†. It basically answers these questions by saying that there is no meaning and that we can only assign meaning to our own lives by living authentically. Being â€Å"authentic† links to another pillar of Existentialism which is that existence precedes essence, meaning that we are defined by our actions, not our beliefs. I agree with a lot of the points of†¦show more content†¦At first we thought about deconstructing the story, but when we thought about it, we all quite liked the story so we decided to psycho analyze it instead. Jonathan was in charge of that part, but I also thought of an alyzing parts of an Oedipus complex in the main character. Less about any sexual desires towards his mother, but mainly his want of becoming the main money maker in the house, thereby replacing his father. So I did a little bit of the psychoanalyzing, but mainly I was still doing the artistic portions. I didn’t want to make our retelling a direct adaptation and since I liked the idea of car racing, I replaced anything relating to horses to cars. I changed the name of the story from Rocking Horse Winner to just RH Winner and instead of having a rocking horse, paul would just have a matchbox car that he would play with. I originally also wanted to film our own race scenes, but that was a little unrealistic due the time constraints. For the poster, I basically just drew a 69 Mustang, since the mustang is a horse. I didn’t want to just draw a car, since that would come off as lazy, so in the title, I stylized a horse into it, where the feet would meld into the word winner, giving the impression of a rocking horse. Journal 6 - Short Story 2 So the short story my group did was Rocking Horse Winner and it is a rather long short story. I’ll start off by saying what I enjoyed aboutShow MoreRelatedExistentialism : Existentialism And Existentialism994 Words   |  4 Pageshis choices† (Sartre, n.d.). When discussing existentialism, the man responsible for this quote is always attached to the conversation. As the man who is often remembered for bringing the most amount of international attention to the theory of existentialism, Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre deserves to have his theories and ideals discussed and respected whenever possible. Firstly, what exactly is existentialism? The textbook defines existentialism as â€Å"a philosophical movement or tendency, emphasizingRead MoreExistentialism : Existentialism And Existentialism1186 Words   |  5 PagesSubjectivity in Existentialism is a Humanism In Existentialism is a humanism, French philosopher and existentialist Jean-Paul Sartre defends existentialism from 20th century critics who believed that its overly subjective nature promotes anguish, abandonment, and despair. Sartre explains these common misconceptions about existentialism and argues that it is not a pessimist point of view, but the complete opposite. In what follows, I will explain how Sartre not only invalidates the surging misconceptionsRead MoreExistentialism : Existentialism And Existentialism951 Words   |  4 Pages In Existentialism is a Humanism, Sartre defines existentialism and explains his belief of â€Å"existence before essence.† He says that human beings don’t have a pre-established purpose or something that we have to be. He goes in more detail by saying, â€Å"†¦ man first of all exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world – and defines himself afterwards. If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. He will not be anything until later, and then heRead MoreExistentialism : Existentialism And Existentialism1124 Words   |  5 Pageslife its value? There are two main viewpoints that answer this question; Nihilism and Existentialism. (There are 4 kinds of nihilism, and we will be focusing on one of them, called Existential Nihilism). To a nihilist, life itself is intrinsically, fundamentally and inherently meaningless, and is nothing but a dynamic chemical reaction that, when it stops, is nothing but the end of the reaction. Existentialism, on the other hand, is the belief that every human is born without a given meaning, butRead MoreExistentialism1408 Words   |  6 Pages Existentialism and its facets There are many philosophies that people use in their lives. Some of the ways of thinking are linked to some prominent people. There is idealism, naturalism, experimentalism, and existentialism among others. This essay explores existentialism, which has been postulated by Sartre among others. The other proponents of existentialism include Nietzsche, Kierkegaard, martin Buber, Martin Heidegger and Martin Buber. The weakness and strengths of existentialism are going toRead MoreSartre s Existentialism And Existentialism1024 Words   |  5 Pagesin the following paper, I shall examine Sartre’s Existentialism is a Humanism and give a framework of concepts and reasons as to why it is existentialist in nature. Whereas the last paper chronologically organized Sartre’s life and experiences, this will focus more specifically on his work, thought process and an impression and interpretation of his logic. Presented and chronicled after the liberation of Paris from German occupatio n, Existentialism is a/and Humanism, flew directly out of that optimisticRead MoreExistentialism, Idealism, Naturalism, Experimentalism, And Existentialism1230 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction According to Wikipedia, â€Å"existentialism is the work of certain late nineteenth and twentieth century European Philosophers who, despite profound doctrinal preferences, shared the belief of philosophical thinking begins with the human which not merely thinking subject, but the acting, feeling, living individual. While the predominant value of existentialist thought is commonly acknowledged to be freedom, its primary virtue is authenticity† (Wikipedia.org). â€Å"In the view of the existentialistRead MoreExistentialism And The Existentialist Ideas Behind Existentialism1186 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Existentialism is a theory of philosophy that stepped away from ideas that there is any single unifying reality or reason to existence and that we should approach philosophy from a perspective of what we can perceive to be true, not what we think is true without being able to perceive it. In that mind set, it tries to examine what a person’s perception of reality can be, their place is in that reality, how they approach their own existence given that information, and how, based on thoseRead MoreExistentialism Is A Humanism?1568 Words   |  7 PagesExistentialism is a humanism Oxford English Dictionary defines â€Å"humanism† as â€Å"any system of thought or ideology which places humanity as a whole, at its center,  especially one which stresses the inherent value and potential of human life.† In Sartre’s lecture, â€Å"Existentialism is a humanism,† not only Sartre’s elaboration of humanism is coherent with the notion of â€Å"humanism,† but also his demonstration of â€Å"existentialism† as one kind of humanisms is cogent. In contrast with those Aristotelians andRead MoreSartres Existentialism1745 Words   |  7 PagesShortcomings of Sartre’s Existentialism [1] Philosophy is the manner in which we describe the world around us. We develop our moral code and way of life based off of this definition, so the philosophy that we adhere to is a guiding factor in the way in which we live. In his speech â€Å"Existentialism is a Humanism, † Jean-Paul Sartre defends his philosophy, existentialism, against its critics by arguing that for human existence, precedes essence (20) because we have free will. Due to this, our essence